The disclosure provides methods for the direct optical visualization of graphene and its nanoscale defects on transparent substrates.

The present invention is directed to provide novel laminates for wiring boards. Novel laminates for wiring boards according to the present invention includes an insulating substrate layer and copper wiring, the laminate having a circuit linearity of 1.0 or more and 1.7 or less.

Disclosed herein is a sunscreen detector for use with portable device, such as a mobile and/or wearable device. One variation of a sunscreen detector comprises an illumination system that is configured to illuminate a target skin area with ultraviolet and/or infrared spectrum light and a sensor system that is configured to detect the amount of ultraviolet and/or infrared spectrum light that is reflected from the target skin area. The sunscreen detector is configured to analyze the data collected by the sensor system to generate a notification to the user as to whether they should apply sunscreen.

A method may comprise measuring, by a conductivity or resistance measuring device, the conductivity or resistance of a surface of a substrate; comparing, by the conductivity or resistance measuring device, the measured conductivity or resistance to a reference value; and/or determining, by the conductivity or resistance measuring device, a presence or an absence of an antimicrobial system on the surface. The antimicrobial system may comprise a first coating, wherein the first coating may comprise an antimicrobial compound, wherein the antimicrobial compound may comprise a first end and a second end opposite the first end with a hydrocarbon chain therebetween, wherein the antimicrobial compound may comprise a cationic functional group on the first end and a silane group on the second end.

Coating compositions are described that include one or more rare metal components, such as rare alkali metal components, as well as diagnostics test elements that incorporate the same. Methods also are described for determining an amount of a dried coating composition in a coat based upon the rare metal components.

A method for forming a droplet interface bilayer (DIB) comprises the steps of: (1) providing an assembly that includes a housing contained within an enclosure, wherein the housing includes at least one aperture that comprises a cis portion and a trans portion, at least one cis electrode receptacle and at least one trans electrode receptacle, wherein the cis electrode receptacle is operatively connected to the cis portion, and the trans electrode receptacle is operatively connected to the trans portion; (2) inserting an electrode into each of the cis and trans electrode receptacles; (3) introducing an oil/lipid phase to the enclosure such that the oil/lipid phase flows into the housing through the aperture; (4) delivering at least two aqueous droplets to the oil/lipid phase in such a manner that at least one aqueous droplet is disposed within the cis portion of the aperture and at least one aqueous droplet is disposed within the trans portion of the aperture; and (5) lowering a level of the oil/lipid phase in the cis and trans portions of the aperture to cause the aqueous droplets in the cis and trans portions to expand and move closer to one another until the aqueous droplets contact one another thereby forming the lipid bilayer at the location at which the aqueous droplets contact one another.

A method for measuring a mechanical property of a coating on an optical fiber may include collecting Brillouin frequency shift data of the coating on the optical fiber, and determining the mechanical property of the coating by comparing the collected Brillouin frequency shift data with correlation data that may include a set of collected sample Brillouin frequency shift data and a set of collected sample mechanical property data of a plurality of sample materials. The sample materials may include a substantially identical sample composition including one or more curable polymers, be prepared with varying processing conditions, and have different mechanical property values. The coating on the optical fiber may include a material composition substantially identical to the sample materials composition. The set of collected sample Brillouin frequency shift data may be correlated with the set of collected sample mechanical property data to determine a quantitative relationship therebetween.

A method may comprise measuring, by a conductivity or resistance measuring device, the conductivity or resistance of a surface of a substrate; comparing, by the conductivity or resistance measuring device, the measured conductivity or resistance to a reference value; and/or determining, by the conductivity or resistance measuring device, a presence or an absence of an antimicrobial system on the surface. The antimicrobial system may comprise a first coating, wherein the first coating may comprise an antimicrobial compound, wherein the antimicrobial compound may comprise a first end and a second end opposite the first end with a hydrocarbon chain therebetween, wherein the antimicrobial compound may comprise a cationic functional group on the first end and a silane group on the second end.

A method and system to develop the age and history of a crack by exposing a specimen or component to varying predetermined temperature range that covers the designated service temperatures and measuring the thickness of the oxide across the specimen along the thickness direction.

The present invention discloses a methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) activity assay method and a kit for measuring MAT activity. A sample and relevant reagents are mixed in certain way that MAT-catalyzed reaction occurs efficiently. The reaction and the competitive ELISA that quantifies the product S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) are carried out simultaneously. The MAT activity is calculated as the amount of SAM produced per unit time. SAM is calculated through spectral absorbance of the SAM produced and comparing it to that of the standard. The method of SAM quantification is via tracer-labelled anti-SAM antibody or SAM (or SAM analog) antigen through competitive ELISA, so that the produced SAM competes with the SAM antigen for binding anti-SAM antibody. The method and the kit described in the present invention are more sensitive, accurate, reliable, straightforward, easier and faster. The method was used to measure the MAT activities of normal and cancerous liver cells.