A tomography duct for wind tunnels includes a plurality of light sources and sensors displaced around a support structure. The light sources are cycled and sensor measurements are made from sensors opposite the light sources. Tomographic algorithms are used to determine an extinction map from the sensor measurements. The extinction map provides details about particles in a cross-section of the air flow through the tomography duct.

A reflective materials sensor for detecting remotely located reflective material. The reflective materials sensor includes a transparent window with two window surfaces, an amount of reflective material that is remotely located away from one window surface. An operating parameters sensor located adjacent to the transparent window, a radiation detector located away from the other window surface; and two spaced apart radiation emitters located on either side of the radiation detector, and away from the second window surface. Each radiation emitter is configured to emit radiation along one axis through the transparent window towards the reflective material and towards a common focal point. The radiation detector is located to receive reflected radiation from the reflective material along another axis. The first axis of the radiation emitters is angled towards the other axis of the reflected radiation.

A tomography duct for wind tunnels includes a plurality of light sources and sensors displaced around a support structure. The light sources are cycled and sensor measurements are made from sensors opposite the light sources. Tomographic algorithms are used to determine an extinction map from the sensor measurements. The extinction map provides details about particles in a cross-section of the air flow through the tomography duct.

The present invention relates to a system (S) and a process for determining the water equivalent content of a snowpack (Snow Water EquivalentSWE)

A device (12) for measuring the water content of the ground, vegetation and snow, comprises: at least one first module (20) adapted to measure a flow of cosmic rays incident to the ground; at least one second module (40) adapted to measure an ambient neutron flow; and a control unit (60) connected to said at least one first module (20) and said at least one second module (40). The control unit (60) is adapted to process the measurements of said at least one first module (20) and said at least one second module (40) to determine the measurement of the water content.

A tomography duct for wind tunnels includes a plurality of light sources and sensors displaced around a support structure. The light sources are cycled and sensor measurements are made from sensors opposite the light sources. Tomographic algorithms are used to determine an extinction map from the sensor measurements. The extinction map provides details about particles in a cross-section of the air flow through the tomography duct. Imaging is accomplished via star-shaped source and detector arrays.

A frost sensor, or a frost/ice/water sensor, and systems and methods of using the same, are provided herein. The frost sensor includes a body including a measurement circuit, and a capacitance sensor including two or more co-planar plates coupled to and extending laterally from the body. The measurement circuit is configured to measure a capacitance sensed by the capacitance sensor, the measurement representing a change of material between the plates over time. The frost sensor also includes at least one mounting component coupled to and extending laterally from the body. In some instances, the frost sensor is coupled to evaporator coils of a cooling system.

A sensor system is for measuring the profile of a snowpack along a snowpack passage. The sensor system has a probe and at least one processor. The probe has at least one first sensor set. The first sensor set has at least one first photoemitter for emitting light and at least one first photodetector for detecting light. A processor is provided for receiving output signals from the first sensor set. The processor is for calculating a snowpack profile.

A tomography duct for wind tunnels includes a plurality of light sources and sensors displaced around a support structure. The light sources are cycled and sensor measurements are made from sensors opposite the light sources. Tomographic algorithms are used to determine an extinction map from the sensor measurements. The extinction map provides details about particles in a cross-section of the air flow through the tomography duct.

Techniques are disclosed for systems and methods using infrared imaging modules to image and detect phase transitions of water, such as ice formation, in a scene. An ice formation detection system may include one or more infrared imaging modules, a logic device, and a communication module. The infrared imaging modules may be positioned to image a scene in which ice formation is to be detected. The logic device may be adapted to process captured infrared images to detect ice formation in the scene. The logic device may also be adapted to use the communication module to report detected ice formation to an indicator, a display, a user interface, and/or an ice formation mitigation system.