This invention provides, and in certain specific but non-limiting aspects relates to: assays that can be used to predict whether a given ISV will be subject to protein interference as described herein and/or give rise to an (aspecific) signal in such an assay (such as for example in an ADA immunoassay). Such predictive assays could for example be used to test whether a given ISV could have a tendency to give rise to such protein interference and/or such a signal; to select ISV's that are not or less prone to such protein interference or to giving such a signal; as an assay or test that can be used to test whether certain modification(s) to an ISV will (fully or partially) reduce its tendency to give rise to such interference or such a signal; and/or as an assay or test that can be used to guide modification or improvement of an ISV so as to reduce its tendency to give rise to such protein interference or signal; —methods for modifying and/or improving ISV's to as to remove or reduce their tendency to give rise to such protein interference or such a signal; —modifications that can be introduced into an ISV that remove or reduce its tendency to give rise to such protein interference or such a signal; ISV's that have been specifically selected (for example, using the assay(s) described herein) to have no or low(er)/reduced tendency to give rise to such protein interference or such a signal; modified and/or improved ISV's that have no or a low(er)/reduced tendency to give rise to such protein interference or such a signal.

Herein is reported a method for determining the binding of an antibody, which comprises a first binding site specifically binding to a first antigen and a second binding site specifically binding to a second antigen, to said first and said second antigen, wherein the method comprises the steps of capturing the antibody on a solid phase using a capture reagent specifically binding to a constant domain of the antibody, incubating the captured antibody with the first or the second antigen to form a captured antibody-antigen complex and determining a first binding signal, either i) incubating the captured antibody-antigen complex with the antigen not used for the formation of the captured antibody-antigen complex to form a captured antibody-antigen-antigen complex and determining a second binding signal, or ii) regenerating the surface, capturing the antibody on a solid phase using a capture reagent specifically binding to a constant domain of the antibody, incubating the captured antibody with the antigen not used for the formation of the captured antibody-antigen complex in step b) to form a captured antibody-antigen-antigen complex and determining a third binding signal, and determining the overall or individual binding of the antibody to the first and the second antigen from the first binding signal and the second or third binding signal.

A method of ionising a sample is disclosed comprising nebulising a sample which includes monoclonal antibody (“mAb”) molecules. A stream of monoclonal antibody droplets or charged droplets is directed so as to impact upon a target or electrode so as to form intact parent monoclonal antibody ions, intact minus light chain parent monoclonal antibody ions or light chain (“LC”) fragment monoclonal antibody ions.

The present invention is directed to methods for detecting a plasma cell dyscrasia like myeloma or MGUS, methods for determining whether a plasma cell dyscrasiais stable or progressive, methods for determining a risk for disease relapse, and methods for determining a response by a subject having a plasma cell dyscrasia to a therapy.

The present invention generally pertains to methods of quantitating therapeutic proteins co-administered to a subject using LC-MRM-MS. In particular, the present invention pertains to the use of dual enzymatic digestion to generate unique surrogate peptides allowing for the accurate quantitation of co-administered therapeutic proteins using LC-MRM-MS.

The present invention generally pertains to methods of characterizing antibodies and related products. In particular, the present invention pertains to the use of immunoprecipitation and native strong cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry to specifically and sensitively detected and quantitate antibodies and related products in a sample.

Provide are a diagnostically useful carrier coated with a recombinant polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, an isolated autoantibody binding specifically to a polypeptide having SEQ ID NO: 1, a kit comprising the carrier, a method for the diagnosis of a membranous nephropathy (MN) that includes detecting the presence or absence of an autoantibody binding specifically to a polypeptide having SEQ ID NO: 1 in a liquid sample comprising antibodies from a subject, a use of an autoantibody binding specifically to a polypeptide having SEQ ID NO: 1 or a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, and a aqueous solution comprising an autoantibody binding specifically to a polypeptide having SEQ ID NO: 1.

The present invention relates to a method for quantifying a therapeutic antibody in a sample of a human individual comprising a step of adding to a test sample which may contain therapeutic antibodies to be quantified a known amount of two or more labeled forms of said therapeutic antibodies.

Method of Detecting or Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease The application describes a method of identifying minimal residual disease (MRD) in a monoclonal gammopathy patient, comprising detecting the presence or absence of a monoclonal free light chain (FLC) in a sample from the patient by mass spectrometry (MS).

A biosensor for the rapid, inexpensive, quantitative, and convenient detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers, methods of manufacturing, and methods of using the same, to identify a patient's prognosis and past/present SARS-CoV-2 infection status, wherein the biosensor comprises a microfluidics layer, a multimodal sensing layer comprising two or more working electrodes, and a logic circuit that may include a processor and non-transitory memory with computer executable instructions embedded thereon.