A lance and a method determine reaction data of the course of a reaction, in which a reaction gas is top-blown by at least one lance onto a metallic melt in a metallurgical vessel and measured data are determined in this way, reaction data for the course of the reaction are determined as a function of these, where the lance for determining measured data blows out a gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit. The lance for determining measured data blows out the gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas laterally through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit and the internal pressure of at least one gas bubble of this gas formed at this outlet opening of the respective measuring conduit is measured.

A lance and a method determine reaction data of the course of a reaction, in which a reaction gas is top-blown by at least one lance onto a metallic melt in a metallurgical vessel and measured data are determined in this way, reaction data for the course of the reaction are determined as a function of these, where the lance for determining measured data blows out a gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit. The lance for determining measured data blows out the gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas laterally through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit and the internal pressure of at least one gas bubble of this gas formed at this outlet opening of the respective measuring conduit is measured.

Systems and methods related to centrifuge energy harvesting chambers (CEHCs) for gas production simulation are provided. Certain CEHCs may include a high-pressure chamber, high-pressure syringe pumps, cooling systems, an actuator and surcharge, backpressure control inside the wellbore, a heating element on the wellbore, water gas separation systems, and flow measurement systems. Certain CEHCs may also provide software operably connected to sensors and instrumentation, comprising a module to continuously, in real-time, periodically, or asynchronously, measure and monitor simulation variables.

This disclosure is directed to systems and methods for assessing quality characteristics of food items based on analyzing volatiles outgassed by them. The quality characteristics can include presence of infection, ripeness stage, flavor, taste, and smell. Determining quality characteristics can be advantageous to make supply chain modifications that optimize on quality and reduce food-based waste. A tube having a sorbent material can be placed in an environment containing the food items. Volatiles outgassed by the food items can collect on the sorbent material. A computing system can receive the volatiles presence and concentration data and can apply a machine learning model to the data to determine quality characteristics of the food items. The model can be trained using human observations of quality characteristics, historic supply chain information, and processed volatiles data associated with other food items, wherein the other food items are a same type as the food items.

This disclosure is directed to systems and methods for assessing quality characteristics of food items based on analyzing volatiles outgassed by them. The quality characteristics can include presence of infection, ripeness stage, flavor, taste, and smell. Determining quality characteristics can be advantageous to make supply chain modifications that optimize on quality and reduce food-based waste. A tube having a sorbent material can be placed in an environment containing the food items. Volatiles outgassed by the food items can collect on the sorbent material. A computing system can receive the volatiles presence and concentration data and can apply a machine learning model to the data to determine quality characteristics of the food items. The model can be trained using human observations of quality characteristics, historic supply chain information, and processed volatiles data associated with other food items, wherein the other food items are a same type as the food items.

The invention provides in method and systems for determining the amount of solid precursor in a precursor vessel of a semiconductor manufacturing process, wherein the amount of precursor in the precursor vessel is determined by measuring through monochromatic measurements an optical absorption in the process gas flowing from the precursor vessel to the process chamber.

The invention provides in method and systems for determining the amount of solid precursor in a precursor vessel of a semiconductor manufacturing process, wherein the amount of precursor in the precursor vessel is determined by measuring through monochromatic measurements an optical absorption in the process gas flowing from the precursor vessel to the process chamber.

A lance and a method determine reaction data of the course of a reaction, in which a reaction gas is top-blown by at least one lance onto a metallic melt in a metallurgical vessel and measured data are determined in this way, reaction data for the course of the reaction are determined as a function of these, where the lance for determining measured data blows out a gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit. The lance for determining measured data blows out the gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas laterally through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit and the internal pressure of at least one gas bubble of this gas formed at this outlet opening of the respective measuring conduit is measured.

A lance and a method determine reaction data of the course of a reaction, in which a reaction gas is top-blown by at least one lance onto a metallic melt in a metallurgical vessel and measured data are determined in this way, reaction data for the course of the reaction are determined as a function of these, where the lance for determining measured data blows out a gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit. The lance for determining measured data blows out the gas which is conveyed separately from the reaction gas laterally through at least one outlet opening of at least one measuring conduit and the internal pressure of at least one gas bubble of this gas formed at this outlet opening of the respective measuring conduit is measured.

Automated calcimeter systems and methods of using the same are described. An automated calcimeter system may comprise a reaction chamber; a pressure sensor coupled to the reaction chamber and configured to measure pressure in the reaction chamber; a pump coupled to the reaction chamber; piping coupled to the pump, wherein the piping is of sufficient length to store a preselected volume of acid; and a processor configured to instruct the pump to deliver the preselected volume of acid to the reaction chamber while also drawing a volume of gas from the reaction chamber, wherein the volume of gas is equivalent to the preselected volume of acid.