A method comprises emitting detection radiation into a container; receiving a reflection of the emitted radiation from contents of the container; interpreting the received reflection to determine the contents of the container.

An apparatus, for determining a relative direction of a movement of an encoder object depending on a magnetic field which is generated or influenced by the encoder object. A magnetic field sensor generates two sensor signals based on the magnetic field, that indicate a profile of the magnetic field in the event of a relative movement between the encoder object and the magnetic field sensor, that fluctuate around a mean value and are phase-shifted 90° to one another. The processing circuit calculates an angle based on the two sensor signals, and determines the relative direction of the movement of the encoder object based on a gradient of the angle between a switch-on time of the apparatus and a threshold value angle which is reached thereafter or based on a gradient of the angle between the situation of two successive threshold value angles being reached.

In one illustrative configuration, an air quality monitoring system may enable wide-scale deployment of multiple air quality monitors with high-confidence and actionable data is provided. Further, the air quality monitoring system may enable identifying a target emission from a plurality of potential sources at a site based on simulating plume models. The simulation of plume models may take into consideration various simulation parameters including wind speed and direction. Further, methods of determining a plume flux of a plume of emissions at a site, and methods of transmitting data from an air quality monitor are disclosed.

Methods for reversing determination for a vehicle asset are provided. The methods include capturing by a telematics device coupled to the vehicle acceleration data from a three-axis accelerometer, determining by a reversing-determination machine learning mode, a machine-learning-determined reversing indication for the vehicle asset. The reversing-determination machine-learning model being trained by a vehicle reversing indication comprising a vehicle speed and a reverse gear indication.

A rotation operation detection mechanism that includes a housing, an operation surface disposed on a first main surface of the housing, operation units formed integrally with the housing and protruding on the operation surface side, and a sensor that detects a stress generated in the housing when the operation units are rotated.

A rotation operation detection mechanism that includes a housing, an operation surface disposed on a first main surface of the housing, operation units formed integrally with the housing and protruding on the operation surface side, and a sensor that detects a stress generated in the housing when the operation units are rotated.

An electronic device includes a rotating member and an infrared module that are disposed opposite to each other. A surface of the rotating member opposite to the infrared module is provided with an annular region, a reflective surface is disposed on the annular region, and a width of the reflective surface gradually increases or gradually decreases along a circumferential direction of the annular region. The infrared module includes an infrared transmitter and an infrared receiver, and light emitted by the infrared transmitter is reflected by the reflective surface and then received by the infrared receiver.

The inventive concept provides a wafer type sensor unit which acquires data on a wind direction and a wind velocity of an air flow during processing, the wafer type sensor unit supported by a supporting unit of a substrate processing apparatus. The unit comprising a wafer-shaped circuit board and a hot-wired wind velocity sensor placed apart from an upper surface of the circuit board.

Systems, devices, and methods for: an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV); at least one sensorless motor of the UAV, the at least one sensorless motor comprising a set of windings and a rotor; at least one propeller connected to the at least one sensorless motor; a microcontroller in communication with the at least one sensorless motor, wherein the microcontroller is configured to: determine a rotation rate of the at least one propeller; determine a rotation direction of the at least one propeller; provide an output to stop the at least one propeller if at least one of: the determined rotation rate is not a desired rotation rate and the determined rotation direction is not a desired rotation direction; and provide an output to start the at least one propeller if the at least one propeller is stopped at the desired rotation rate and the desired rotation direction.

In one aspect, an integrated circuit (IC) includes a magnetic-field sensor. The magnetic-field sensor includes digital circuitry that includes a first and second analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The digital circuitry is configured to receive a first and second analog output signals and, using the first and second ADC, configured to convert the first and second analog output signals to a first and second digital signals. The magnetic-field sensor also includes diagnostic circuitry configured to receive, from the digital circuitry, an input signal related to the first and/or the second digital signals and configured to provide a test signal at a pin of the IC. In response to a range parameter, the diagnostic circuitry is further configured to provide the test signal comprising a range of codes from the first and/or the second ADC corresponding to the range parameter.