A method for determining antifouling ability of a material surface includes: (a) providing a determining device, wherein the determining device includes: a probe, wherein the probe includes a micro particle or a micro particle and a pollutant fixed on a surface of the micro particle; and a determining unit with a spring characteristic structure, wherein the probe is fixed at one end of the spring characteristic structure; (b) contacting the probe with a material surface-to-be-determined to make the micro particle itself or the pollutant on the surface of the micro particle adhere to the material surface-to-be-determined; (c) deforming the spring characteristic structure until the probe departs from the material surface-to-be-determined to recover the spring characteristic structure, and determining the level of the deformation; (d) determining the adhesion value of the probe to the material surface-to-be-determined using the deformation; and (e) determining the antifouling ability of the material surface.

A method for determining antifouling ability of a material surface includes: (a) providing a determining device, wherein the determining device includes: a probe, wherein the probe includes a micro particle or a micro particle and a pollutant fixed on a surface of the micro particle; and a determining unit with a spring characteristic structure, wherein the probe is fixed at one end of the spring characteristic structure; (b) contacting the probe with a material surface-to-be-determined to make the micro particle itself or the pollutant on the surface of the micro particle adhere to the material surface-to-be-determined; (c) deforming the spring characteristic structure until the probe departs from the material surface-to-be-determined to recover the spring characteristic structure, and determining the level of the deformation; (d) determining the adhesion value of the probe to the material surface-to-be-determined using the deformation; and (e) determining the antifouling ability of the material surface.

Aspects of the invention include determining, by a first AFM tip, a first snap-off force of a solid surface immersed in a first fluid, determining, by a second AFM tip, a second snap-off force, determining, by a third AFM tip, a third snap-off force, determining, by the first AFM tip, a fourth snap-off force of a droplet of the first fluid immersed in the second fluid on the solid surface, determining, by the second AFM tip, a fifth snap-off force, determining, by the third AFM tip, a sixth snap-off force, determining a first capillary force for first AFM tip and first droplet based on first snap-off force and fourth snap-off force, determining a second capillary force for second AFM tip and first droplet and a third capillary force for third AFM tip and first droplet, and determining interfacial tension between first fluid and second fluid based on the capillary forces.

Aspects of the invention include determining, by a first AFM tip, a first snap-off force of a solid surface immersed in a first fluid, determining, by a second AFM tip, a second snap-off force, determining, by a third AFM tip, a third snap-off force, determining, by the first AFM tip, a fourth snap-off force of a droplet of the first fluid immersed in the second fluid on the solid surface, determining, by the second AFM tip, a fifth snap-off force, determining, by the third AFM tip, a sixth snap-off force, determining a first capillary force for first AFM tip and first droplet based on first snap-off force and fourth snap-off force, determining a second capillary force for second AFM tip and first droplet and a third capillary force for third AFM tip and first droplet, and determining interfacial tension between first fluid and second fluid based on the capillary forces.

Aspects of the invention include determining, by a first AFM tip, a first snap-off force of a solid surface immersed in a first fluid, determining, by a second AFM tip, a second snap-off force, determining, by a third AFM tip, a third snap-off force, determining, by the first AFM tip, a fourth snap-off force of a droplet of the first fluid immersed in the second fluid on the solid surface, determining, by the second AFM tip, a fifth snap-off force, determining, by the third AFM tip, a sixth snap-off force, determining a first capillary force for first AFM tip and first droplet based on first snap-off force and fourth snap-off force, determining a second capillary force for second AFM tip and first droplet and a third capillary force for third AFM tip and first droplet, and determining interfacial tension between first fluid and second fluid based on the capillary forces.

Aspects of the invention include determining, by a first AFM tip, a first snap-off force of a solid surface immersed in a first fluid, determining, by a second AFM tip, a second snap-off force, determining, by a third AFM tip, a third snap-off force, determining, by the first AFM tip, a fourth snap-off force of a droplet of the first fluid immersed in the second fluid on the solid surface, determining, by the second AFM tip, a fifth snap-off force, determining, by the third AFM tip, a sixth snap-off force, determining a first capillary force for first AFM tip and first droplet based on first snap-off force and fourth snap-off force, determining a second capillary force for second AFM tip and first droplet and a third capillary force for third AFM tip and first droplet, and determining interfacial tension between first fluid and second fluid based on the capillary forces.

A method of measuring a stress-strain curve in a cell-cell adhesion interface, the method including: providing a structure including a first movable island supported by a first beam, a second movable island supported by a second beam, and a gap therebetween connected by a pair of cells forming a junction, the pair of cells comprising a cell-cell adhesion interface having an initial length defined by a distance between nuclei of the pair of cells; moving the second movable island with a defined displacement; determining a displacement of the first movable island based on moving the second movable island; calculating a difference between the displacement of the first movable island and the defined displacement of the second movable island based on moving the second movable island; determining an applied strain in the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells based on the difference divided by the initial length of the cell-cell adhesion interface; calculating a force between the cell-cell adhesion interface of the pair of cells based on the displacement of the first movable island; calculating a stress in the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells based on the force; and determining the stress-strain curve of the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells by plotting the calculated stress against the applied strain.

This invention belongs to the technical field of cell mechanics and provides a modified method to fit cell elastic modulus based on Sneddon model. The process of the conical atomic force microscope probe compressing into the cell was simulated by ABAQUS. The simulation results are compared with the Sneddon model to get the error caused by Sneddon model. The fitting errors of Sneddon model under different circumstances were obtained by using the method of function fitting, so as to realize the modification of Sneddon model to fit cell elastic modulus. As a modified method to fit cell elastic modulus based on Sneddon model, it can be used to measure the elastic modulus of cells more accurately. The design process is convenient and fast. The design method is easy to master, and the process of use is convenient and simple.

This invention belongs to the technical field of cell mechanics and provides a modified method to fit cell elastic modulus based on Sneddon model. The process of the conical atomic force microscope probe compressing into the cell was simulated by ABAQUS. The simulation results are compared with the Sneddon model to get the error caused by Sneddon model. The fitting errors of Sneddon model under different circumstances were obtained by using the method of function fitting, so as to realize the modification of Sneddon model to fit cell elastic modulus. As a modified method to fit cell elastic modulus based on Sneddon model, it can be used to measure the elastic modulus of cells more accurately. The design process is convenient and fast. The design method is easy to master, and the process of use is convenient and simple.

A method of measuring a stress-strain curve in a cell-cell adhesion interface, the method including: providing a structure including a first movable island supported by a first beam, a second movable island supported by a second beam, and a gap therebetween connected by a pair of cells forming a junction, the pair of cells comprising a cell-cell adhesion interface having an initial length defined by a distance between nuclei of the pair of cells; moving the second movable island with a defined displacement; determining a displacement of the first movable island based on moving the second movable island; calculating a difference between the displacement of the first movable island and the defined displacement of the second movable island based on moving the second movable island; determining an applied strain in the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells based on the difference divided by the initial length of the cell-cell adhesion interface; calculating a force between the cell-cell adhesion interface of the pair of cells based on the displacement of the first movable island; calculating a stress in the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells based on the force; and determining the stress-strain curve of the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells by plotting the calculated stress against the applied strain.