This invention provides methods and apparatuses for the rapid assessment of cell permeability by a drug. More particularly, described herein a method of determining membrane permeability (influx and/or efflux) of a cell to a drug, the method including: (a) obtaining a biological sample; (b) dispersing at least one cell from the biological sample to a discrete location; (c) exposing the at least one cell to one member of a drug panel in a drug solution, wherein the drug panel is composed of drugs of a given concentration; (d) incubating the at least one cell from the biological sample in the drug for a given time; (e) obtaining at least one electro-analytical measurement of the discrete location adjacent the at least one cell.

This invention provides methods and apparatuses for the rapid assessment of cell permeability by a drug. More particularly, described herein a method of determining membrane permeability (influx and/or efflux) of a cell to a drug, the method including: (a) obtaining a biological sample; (b) dispersing at least one cell from the biological sample to a discrete location; (c) exposing the at least one cell to one member of a drug panel in a drug solution, wherein the drug panel is composed of drugs of a given concentration; (d) incubating the at least one cell from the biological sample in the drug for a given time; (e) obtaining at least one electro-analytical measurement of the discrete location adjacent the at least one cell.

Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

Disclosed is a method for preparing nanoscale electrodes comprised of electrochemically grown noble metal nanowires, and use of the same for the detection of extremely small concentrations of molecules. Such nanoscale electrodes provide target molecule release information from submicron areas on the cell surface, significantly increasing the spatial resolution of the target molecule mapping of a cell surface to enable localization of target molecules on the cell surface, which can be critical for the detection of certain cells with different properties in a given group of cells, such as circulating tumor cells.

Disclosed is a method for preparing nanoscale electrodes comprised of electrochemically grown noble metal nanowires, and use of the same for the detection of extremely small concentrations of molecules. Such nanoscale electrodes provide target molecule release information from submicron areas on the cell surface, significantly increasing the spatial resolution of the target molecule mapping of a cell surface to enable localization of target molecules on the cell surface, which can be critical for the detection of certain cells with different properties in a given group of cells, such as circulating tumor cells.

A new scanning electrochemical microscopy tip positioning method that allows topography and surface activity to be resolved independently is presented. A SECM tip is oscillated relative to the surface of interest. Changes in the oscillation amplitude, caused by the intermittent contact of the SECM tip with the surface of interest, are used to detect the surface of interest, and as a feedback signal for various types of imaging

A new scanning electrochemical microscopy tip positioning method that allows topography and surface activity to be resolved independently is presented. A SECM tip is oscillated relative to the surface of interest. Changes in the oscillation amplitude, caused by the intermittent contact of the SECM tip with the surface of interest, are used to detect the surface of interest, and as a feedback signal for various types of imaging