The disclosure relates to a method for calculating surface electric field distribution of nanostructures. The method includes the following steps of: providing a nanostructure sample located on an insulated layer of a substrate; spraying first charged nanoparticles to the insulated surface; blowing vapor to the insulated surface and imaging the first charged nanoparticles via an optical microscope, recording the width w between the first charged nanoparticles and the nanostructure sample, and obtaining the voltage U of the nanostructure sample by an equation.

A voltage sensor system for sensing voltage in a conductor, the voltage sensor system including a first plate, a first electrode disposed a first distance away from the first plate, a second plate, a second electrode disposed a second distance away from the second plate, a control unit structured to control one of the first plate and the second plate to be grounded and the other of the first plate and the second plate to be electrically floating, and a differential amplifier electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode and being structured to output an output voltage that is proportional to a difference in voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Systems and methods for calibrating a conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”) to provide a predetermined amount of current for each pulse of the stimulus signal. Providing the predetermined amount of current, close thereto, increases the effectiveness of the stimulus signal in impeding locomotion of a human or animal target. The calibration process enables a CEW to calibrate the amount of charge in a pulse of the stimulus signal in the environmental conditions where the tester operates and also in the field where the environmental conditions may be different from the environmental conditions during calibration.

Embodiments relate to a method, apparatus, and system for passively detecting strength of an electromagnetic field. An electroactive polymer (EAP) is configured with an antenna in communication with an RC circuit. The EAP is positioned proximal to a sensor. In response to receipt of a transient electromagnetic pulse due to an electrostatic discharge, the circuit captures the received pulse and transmits the pulse to the EAP. The EAP reacts to the pulse in the form of a deflection. The magnitude of the deflection correlates to the field strength which caused the received pulse. As deflection of the EAP is communicated to the proximally positioned sensor, a recording of the electrostatic discharge takes place.

Methods and apparatus for measuring the voltage of at least one conductor (121, 122, 123) of an electrical power cable (10) comprise providing a container (22) made from a conductive material around a portion of the cable and at least one electric field sensor (301, 302, 303, 304) between the container and the cable and bringing the container to a constant potential and measuring the electric field with a sensor. The voltage is determined by comparing the measured electric field with electric fields simulated for a plurality of configurations of punctual electric charges.

A sensor assembly includes a connecting bar extending along a longitudinal axis and a tubular body extending along the longitudinal axis and at least partially surrounding the connecting bar such that the tubular body is radially spaced from the connecting bar. The tubular body includes a support member made of insulating material. The tubular body also includes a first section with an electric field sensor comprising a first layer of electrically conductive material on an inner surface of the support member to detect an electric field produced by the connecting bar. The first section also includes a first electric screen comprising a second layer of electrically conductive material on an outer surface of the support member to shield the electric field sensor from outside electrical interference. A second section disposed adjacent the first section includes a second electric screen. A dielectric material at least partially encloses the tubular body.

A monitoring system for sensing electrical parameters including current and voltage can comprise a current transformer and an antenna. The current transformer can be configured to sense current passing through a conductor. The antenna can be configured to sense electrical potential of the conductor by sensing an electric field generated by the conductor. The antenna can sense the electrical potential independent of whether current is present in the conductor. The monitoring system can further comprise a temperature sensor configured to sense a temperature of the conductor. A sensing module can include a housing supporting the current transformer, the antenna, and the temperature sensor for monitoring an electrical power circuit.

A sensor assembly includes an electrode extending along a longitudinal axis and a tubular section extending along the longitudinal axis and at least partially surrounding the electrode such that the tubular section is radially spaced from the electrode, the tubular section including a first layer made of an electrically insulating material and having a first length, a second layer made of an electrically conductive material disposed on an inner surface of the first layer and having a second length, and a third layer made of an of electrically conductive material disposed on an outer surface of the first layer and having a third length. The sensor assembly also includes a mass of dielectric material at least partially enclosing the electrode and the tubular section. The mass of dielectric insulating material fills through openings in the tubular section, and the second length and the third length are coextensive.

A capacitive voltage sensor assembly includes an electrode extending along a longitudinal axis, the electrode having a first end and a second end opposite the first end, and a tubular shield surrounding and spaced radially outward from a portion of the electrode. The tubular shield includes a plurality of through holes. The sensor assembly also includes a circular sensor element positioned radially inward of the tubular shield and including a first layer made of electrically conductive material and a second layer made of electrically insulating material. The circular sensor element includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced gaps.

A sensor assembly includes a connecting bar extending along a longitudinal axis and a tubular body extending along the longitudinal axis and at least partially surrounding the connecting bar such that the tubular body is radially spaced from the connecting bar. The tubular body includes a support member made of insulating material. The tubular body also includes a first section with an electric field sensor comprising a first layer of electrically conductive material on an inner surface of the support member to detect an electric field produced by the connecting bar. The first section also includes a first electric screen comprising a second layer of electrically conductive material on an outer surface of the support member to shield the electric field sensor from outside electrical interference. A second section disposed adjacent the first section includes a second electric screen. A dielectric material at least partially encloses the tubular body.