A method for controlling a cell current limiting value for a battery management system. In some examples, the method includes determining quadratic reference currents of a battery cell; calculating a corresponding reference time constant for each reference current using a model for the calculation of a RMS value of a cell current by reference to a continuous current; constituting a diagram for the relationship between the reference time constant and the quadratic reference current; determining a predictive time constant by the comparison of a quadratic measured value of a cell current with the quadratic reference currents; calculating a predictive RMS limiting value of the cell current; calculating a first predictive limiting value for a short predictive time, a second predictive limiting value for a long predictive time, and a third predictive limiting value for a continuous predictive time; and calculating additional RMS limiting value for the cell current.

A method for controlling a cell current limiting value for a battery management system. In some examples, the method includes determining quadratic reference currents of a battery cell; calculating a corresponding reference time constant for each reference current using a model for the calculation of a RMS value of a cell current by reference to a continuous current; constituting a diagram for the relationship between the reference time constant and the quadratic reference current; determining a predictive time constant by the comparison of a quadratic measured value of a cell current with the quadratic reference currents; calculating a predictive RMS limiting value of the cell current; calculating a first predictive limiting value for a short predictive time, a second predictive limiting value for a long predictive time, and a third predictive limiting value for a continuous predictive time; and calculating additional RMS limiting value for the cell current.

Example methods and apparatuses for detecting lithium plating and obtaining a polarization proportion are provided. One example method includes obtaining an open-circuit voltage of a rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery. A negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery is obtained based on the open-circuit voltage, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery. A negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery is obtained based on the negative electrode open-circuit voltage and the negative electrode polarization voltage. It is determined, based on the negative electrode voltage, whether lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery.

Example methods and apparatuses for detecting lithium plating and obtaining a polarization proportion are provided. One example method includes obtaining an open-circuit voltage of a rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery. A negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery is obtained based on the open-circuit voltage, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery. A negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery is obtained based on the negative electrode open-circuit voltage and the negative electrode polarization voltage. It is determined, based on the negative electrode voltage, whether lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery.

A determination device (1) includes: an acquisition unit (11) that acquires determination information for determining a degree of deterioration or guarantee of a lead-acid battery (3); a determination unit (11) that determines the degree of deterioration or guarantee of the lead-acid battery (3) by referring to a database (142) that stores the determination information and the degree of deterioration or guarantee of the lead-acid battery (3) in association with each other based on the acquired determination information; and an output unit (11) that outputs a result determined by the determination unit (11).

A determination device (1) includes: an acquisition unit (11) that acquires determination information for determining a degree of deterioration or guarantee of a lead-acid battery (3); a determination unit (11) that determines the degree of deterioration or guarantee of the lead-acid battery (3) by referring to a database (142) that stores the determination information and the degree of deterioration or guarantee of the lead-acid battery (3) in association with each other based on the acquired determination information; and an output unit (11) that outputs a result determined by the determination unit (11).

A method for controlling a charging current limiting value for a battery management system. In one example, the method includes determining, for a measured temperature and a prescribed state of charge, reference currents for various time intervals; calculating a corresponding reference time constant for each reference current by using a model for the calculation of a mean value of a charging current based on a continuous current; constituting a diagram for the relationship between the reference time constant and the reference current; determining a predictive time constant by the comparison of a measured value of a charging current with the reference currents; calculating a predictive limiting mean value of the charging current; and calculating a first predictive limiting value i.sub.predS for a short predictive time t.sub.predS, a second predictive limiting value i.sub.predL for a long predictive time t.sub.predL, and a third predictive limiting value i.sub.predP for a continuous predictive time.

A method for controlling a charging current limiting value for a battery management system. In one example, the method includes determining, for a measured temperature and a prescribed state of charge, reference currents for various time intervals; calculating a corresponding reference time constant for each reference current by using a model for the calculation of a mean value of a charging current based on a continuous current; constituting a diagram for the relationship between the reference time constant and the reference current; determining a predictive time constant by the comparison of a measured value of a charging current with the reference currents; calculating a predictive limiting mean value of the charging current; and calculating a first predictive limiting value i.sub.predS for a short predictive time t.sub.predS, a second predictive limiting value i.sub.predL for a long predictive time t.sub.predL, and a third predictive limiting value i.sub.predP for a continuous predictive time.

A controller discharges a traction battery according to power limits defined by output that is indicative of a state of charge of the traction battery and is updated by a bar delta filter according to a balancing current. The balancing current is associated with each cell of a string of series connected cells of the traction battery and represents a deviation of an estimated current through the cell from a total current of the string.

A battery module assembly includes a plurality of cells, a plurality of cartridges including a first cartridge (a cartridge A) and a second cartridge (a cartridge B) alternately stacked with a corresponding cell therebetween, and a caulking pipe inserted into a through hole provided in a corner of each of the stacked plurality of cartridges, for assembling the plurality of cartridges. A bus bar among main elements configuring a voltage sensing assembly is disposed in a frame configuring a short side among four frames configuring the first cartridge, and a sensing wire among the main elements configuring the voltage sensing assembly is disposed in two frames configuring a short side and one frame configuring a long side among four frames configuring the second cartridge.