The disclosure is directed to a device that includes a cavity formed by a plurality of rails, the plurality of rails connected to both a first support and a second support, each at predetermined intervals about a circumference of the first support and the second support; and at least one particle detection device operably connected to each rail of the plurality of rails. The disclosure is also directed to a scanner that includes the device, and a processor.

The disclosure is directed to a device that includes a cavity formed by a plurality of rails, the plurality of rails connected to both a first support and a second support, each at predetermined intervals about a circumference of the first support and the second support; and at least one particle detection device operably connected to each rail of the plurality of rails. The disclosure is also directed to a scanner that includes the device, and a processor.

A radiation detector includes a photoelectric conversion element array, a scintillator layer converting radiation into light, a resin frame formed on the photoelectric conversion element array, and a protective film covering the scintillator layer. The resin frame has a groove continuous with an outer edge of the protective film. The groove has an overlapping region including a first groove end portion and a second groove end portion partially overlapping in a direction intersecting with an extension direction of the groove.

A luminescent material can include a rare earth halide having a chemical formula of RE.sub.(1-A-B-C)HT.sub.ADET.sub.BSET.sub.CX.sub.z, wherein RE is a rare earth element, HT is an element or an interstitial site that provides a hole trap, DET is a dopant that provides a relatively deep electron trap, SET is a dopant that provides a relatively shallow electron trap, X is one or more halides, each of A, B, and C has a value greater at least 0.00001 and at most 0.09, and Z has a value in a range of 2 to 4. In an embodiment, a ratio of B:C is selected so that luminescent material has good linearity performance. In another embodiment, the ratio of B:C can be in a range of 10:1 to 100:1.

A luminescent material can include a rare earth halide having a chemical formula of RE.sub.(1-A-B-C)HT.sub.ADET.sub.BSET.sub.CX.sub.z, wherein RE is a rare earth element, HT is an element or an interstitial site that provides a hole trap, DET is a dopant that provides a relatively deep electron trap, SET is a dopant that provides a relatively shallow electron trap, X is one or more halides, each of A, B, and C has a value greater at least 0.00001 and at most 0.09, and Z has a value in a range of 2 to 4. In an embodiment, a ratio of B:C is selected so that luminescent material has good linearity performance. In another embodiment, the ratio of B:C can be in a range of 10:1 to 100:1.

A scintillation crystal can include Ln.sub.(1-y)RE.sub.yX.sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare earth element, RE represents a different rare earth element, y has a value in a range of 0 to 1, and X represents a halogen. In an embodiment, RE is Ce, and the scintillation crystal is doped with Sr, Ba, or a mixture thereof at a concentration of at least approximately 0.0002 wt. %. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal can have unexpectedly improved linearity and unexpectedly improved energy resolution properties. In a further embodiment, a radiation detection system can include the scintillation crystal, a photosensor, and an electronics device. Such a radiation detection system can be useful in a variety of radiation imaging applications.

A scintillation crystal can include Ln.sub.(1-y)RE.sub.yX.sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare earth element, RE represents a different rare earth element, y has a value in a range of 0 to 1, and X represents a halogen. In an embodiment, RE is Ce, and the scintillation crystal is doped with Sr, Ba, or a mixture thereof at a concentration of at least approximately 0.0002 wt. %. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal can have unexpectedly improved linearity and unexpectedly improved energy resolution properties. In a further embodiment, a radiation detection system can include the scintillation crystal, a photosensor, and an electronics device. Such a radiation detection system can be useful in a variety of radiation imaging applications.

A combined scintillation crystal includes: at least one scintillation crystal A module and a scintillation crystal B module. The scintillation crystal A module and the scintillation crystal B module are scintillation crystal modules with different performances. The scintillation crystal A module comprises at least one scintillation crystal A, and the scintillation crystal B module comprises at least one scintillation crystal B. The sensitivity of the scintillation crystal A is lower than the sensitivity of the scintillation crystal B, and the light output ability of the scintillation crystal A is higher than the light output ability of the scintillation crystal B. The scintillation crystal B module includes a ray incidence plane for receiving rays, and the at least one scintillation crystal module A is arranged at the outer side of the ray incidence plane of the scintillation crystal B module.

A combined scintillation crystal includes: at least one scintillation crystal A module and a scintillation crystal B module. The scintillation crystal A module and the scintillation crystal B module are scintillation crystal modules with different performances. The scintillation crystal A module comprises at least one scintillation crystal A, and the scintillation crystal B module comprises at least one scintillation crystal B. The sensitivity of the scintillation crystal A is lower than the sensitivity of the scintillation crystal B, and the light output ability of the scintillation crystal A is higher than the light output ability of the scintillation crystal B. The scintillation crystal B module includes a ray incidence plane for receiving rays, and the at least one scintillation crystal module A is arranged at the outer side of the ray incidence plane of the scintillation crystal B module.

According to one embodiment, a scintillator includes a first layer provided on a surface of a substrate and including thallium activated cesium iodide; and a second layer provided on the first layer and including thallium activated cesium iodide. The second layer includes crystals having a [100] orientation partially diverted from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. Half width at half maximum of a frequency distribution curve of an angle between the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate and the [001] orientation, which is obtained by measuring the angle using EBSD method, is 2.4 degree or less.