A method of estimating a property associated with a subterranean region includes acquiring a synthetic physical model of the subterranean region, the physical model made from at least a mineral material and constructed using an additive manufacturing process, the physical model having a microstructure, the microstructure having a parameter that varies along at least a first axis of the physical model. The method also includes performing a measurement of the physical model under an applied condition, and estimating the property of the subterranean region based on the measurement.

A method for performing a formation-related operation based on corrected vertical seismic profile (VSP) data of an earth formation includes performing a VSP survey and applying a normal moveout (NMO) correction equation to the survey data that is a function of source offset to wellhead. The method also includes solving the NMO correction equation using a simulated annealing algorithm having an object function that is a coherence coefficient of semblance analysis of an NMO corrected reflection event within a time window to provide NMO corrected data. The method further includes performing the formation-related operation at at least one of a location, a depth and a depth interval based on the VSP NMO corrected data.

A horizontal component of marine seismic survey data from an ocean bottom seismic survey can be migrated using a primary wave velocity model. The horizontal component can comprise a shear converted wave. An image of a subsurface location can based on the migration can be produced. Migrating the horizontal component can comprise wave-equation migrating the horizontal component, where the horizontal component is input as both a source wavefield and a receiver wavefield.

The present invention provides a seismic signal processing method, device and system. The method comprises: obtaining an offset of a reflected seismic signal at a sampling point and the corresponding reflected wave arrival time; constructing a non-hyperbolic dynamic correction formula based on Pade approximation according to the offset of the reflected seismic signal at the sampling point and the corresponding reflected wave arrival time; extracting a vertical propagation velocity and anisotropy parameters of the reflected seismic signal according to the non-hyperbolic dynamic correction formula constructed based on Pade approximation.

A portion of an anisotropy formation through which a wellbore is formed can be identified. An estimate of an elastic anisotropy parameter for the portion can be adjusted based on a first quality control analysis using the elastic anisotropy parameter for the portion. The first signal representing the elastic anisotropy parameter for the portion. The estimate of the elastic anisotropy parameter for the portion can be adjusted based on a second quality control analysis using estimates for the elastic anisotropy parameters for two or more portions of the anisotropy formation.

Methods and apparatuses characterize fracture orientations in orthorhombic adjacent layer. Seismic data with azimuthal coverage enables calculating Fourier coefficients of reflectivity at an interface between the orthorhombic adjacent layers. The phases of 2.sup.nd and 4.sup.th FCs may be used to infer the fracture orientations in the orthorhombic adjacent layers. Analysis of 2.sup.nd and 4.sup.th Fourier coefficients' phases for different incidence angles may indicate that the fracture orientations in the orthorhombic adjacent layers are aligned, orthogonal, at 45°, that one of the layers is isotropic, etc.

Methods and apparatuses characterize fracture orientations in orthorhombic adjacent layer. Seismic data with azimuthal coverage enables calculating Fourier coefficients of reflectivity at an interface between the orthorhombic adjacent layers. The phases of 2.sup.nd and 4.sup.th FCs may be used to infer the fracture orientations in the orthorhombic adjacent layers. Analysis of 2.sup.nd and 4.sup.th Fourier coefficients' phases for different incidence angles may indicate that the fracture orientations in the orthorhombic adjacent layers are aligned, orthogonal, at 45°, that one of the layers is isotropic, etc.

Methods and apparatuses for processing seismic data acquired with multicomponent sensors build an accurate S-wave velocity model of a surveyed underground formation using a full waveform inversion (FWI) approach. PS synthetic data is generated using approximative acoustic equations in anisotropic media with a P-wave model, a current S-wave velocity model and a reflectivity model as inputs. The current S-wave velocity model is updated using FWI to minimize an amplitude-discrepancy-mitigating cost function that alleviates the amplitude mismatch between the PS observed data and the PS synthetic data due to the use of the approximative acoustic equations.

Methods and devices for seismic exploration of an underground formation including an orthorhombic anisotropic medium or a tilted transverse isotropic medium are provided. Isotropic-type processing techniques use effective elastic parameter values calculated based on elastic parameter values, anisotropy parameter values and azimuth angle values for the orthorhombic anisotropic medium. For the tilted transverse isotropic medium, the effective elastic parameter values depend also on the tilt angle thereof.

Systems and methods that include receiving reservoir data of a hydrocarbon reservoir, receive an indication related to selection of a wavefield propagator, application of the wavefield propagator utilizing Fourier Finite Transforms and Finite Differences to model a wavefield associated with a Tilted Orthorhombic media representative of a region of a subsurface comprising the hydrocarbon reservoir, and processing the reservoir data in conjunction the wavefield propagator to generate an output for use with seismic exploration above a region of a subsurface comprising the hydrocarbon reservoir and containing structural or stratigraphic features conducive to a presence, migration, or accumulation of hydrocarbons.