A display inspection system for inspecting a light beam emitted from a panel with pixels positioned at several focal planes is provided. The display inspection system includes a focus tunable lens adjustable in a focal distance for focusing at the panel, a first sensing unit for receiving the light beam, a reduced aberration optical system arranged between the focus tunable lens and the first sensing unit for focusing at the first sensing unit, and one or more optical elements placed within a back focal length of the reduced aberration optical system. The reduced aberration optical system comprises a first serial cascade lens group of a first aplanatic lens and a first doublet lens for correcting an optical aberration. The first aplanatic lens and the first doublet lens are co-configured that the back focal length is extended in a manner that the light beam is incident to the first sensing unit.

Provided herein are systems and methods for simultaneous imaging and stimulation using a microscope system. The microscope system can have a relatively small size compared to an average microscope system. The microscope can comprise in part an imaging light source and a stimulation light source. Light from the imaging light source and the stimulation light source can be spectrally separated to reduce cross talk between the stimulation light and the imaging light.

Laser emission based microscope devices and methods of using such devices for detecting laser emissions from a tissue sample are provided. The scanning microscope has first and second reflection surfaces and a scanning cavity holding a stationary tissue sample with at least one fluorophore/lasing energy responsive species. At least a portion of the scanning cavity corresponds to a high quality factor (Q) Fabry-Pérot resonator cavity. A lasing pump source directs energy at the scanning cavity while a detector receives and detects emissions generated by the fluorophore(s) or lasing energy responsive species. The second reflection surface and/or the lasing pump source are translatable with respect to the stationary tissue sample for generating a two-dimensional scan of the tissue sample. Methods for detecting multiplexed emissions or quantifying one or more biomarkers in a histological tissue sample, for example for detection and diagnosis of cancer, or other disorders/diseases are provided.

An embodiment of a microscope system is described that comprises a sample stage configured to position a sample; and a spectrometer comprising an interferometer configure to provide a light beam to the sample stage and one or more detectors configured to detect light spectra in response to the light beam, wherein the spectrometer sends a notification to the sample stage after a scan comprising an acceptable measure of quality has been acquired from the detected light spectra at a first location, and the sample stage is further configured to count the notifications and initiate movement of the sample stage to a second location when a count value reaches a pre-determined number.

Provided herein are systems and methods for imaging using a microscope system comprising removeable or replaceable component parts. Such systems and methods employ semi-kinetic coupling for easy, tool-free attachment of the microscope system to a baseplate. Systems and methods provided herein may comprise simultaneous imaging and stimulation using a microscope system. The microscope system can have a relatively small size compared to an average microscope system.

A clock signal generator includes an optic mirror rotatable to scan an incident light beam in a first direction, a grid plate including a plurality of grid arrays arranged in a second direction different from the first direction, wherein light reflected from the optic mirror is selectively passed through when the light beam is scanned on the grid plate in the first direction, the grid array being offset in the first direction by a particular distance with respect to an adjacent grid array, a light detector configured to detect a light passing through the grid arrays, and a pixel clock generator configured to generate a clock signal based on detection signals received from the light detector.

A Brillouin modality can be supplemented by an auxiliary modality, such as an optical imaging modality or a spectroscopy modality. In some embodiments, the auxiliary modality can be used to guide the Brillouin measurement to a desired region of interest, so that acquisition times for the Brillouin measurement can be reduced as compared to interrogating the entire sample. The auxiliary modality may have an acquisition speed faster than that of the Brillouin modality. In some embodiment, the auxiliary modality determines a composition of materials within a voxel in the sample interrogated by the Brillouin modality. Using the information provided by the auxiliary modality, the Brillouin signatures corresponding to the materials within the voxel can be unmixed, thereby providing a more accurate measurement of the sample.

A microscope has a light source for generating a light beam having a wavelength, λ, and beam-forming optics configured for receiving the light beam and generating a Bessel-like beam that is directed into a sample. The beam-forming optics include an excitation objective having an axis oriented in a first direction. Imaging optics are configured for receiving light from a position within the sample that is illuminated by the Bessel-like beam and for imaging the received light on a detector. The imaging optics include a detection objective having an axis oriented in a second direction that is non-parallel to the first direction. A detector is configured for detecting signal light received by the imaging optics, and an aperture mask is positioned.

Provided herein are systems and methods for simultaneous imaging and stimulation using a microscope system. The microscope system can have a relatively small size compared to an average microscope system. The microscope can comprise in part an imaging light source and a stimulation light source. Light from the imaging light source and the stimulation light source can be spectrally separated to reduce cross talk between the stimulation light and the imaging light.

A method for counting photons using a photomultiplier includes obtaining a measurement signal from a raw signal produced by the photomultiplier by correcting the raw signal for a noise signal and/or an offset, wherein an incident photon produces a pulse in the raw signal. The measurement signal is integrated over time to form an analog integrated measurement signal. A number of photons that are incident in the photomultiplier is ascertained by comparing a value of the analog integrated measurement signal to an integral proportionality value which corresponds to a specific number of photons incident in the photomultiplier.