A metallic grating includes a substrate; a plurality of high aspect ratio trenches disposed in the substrate such that the high aspect ratio trenches are spaced apart from one another by a field surface of the substrate; a metallic superconformal filling formed and disposed in the high aspect ratio trenches; and a grating including a spatial arrangement of the high aspect ratio trenches that are filled with the metallic superconformal filling such that the metallic superconformal filling is void-free, and the high aspect ratio trenches are bottom-up filled with the metallic superconformal filling, wherein a height of the metallic superconformal filling is less than or equal to the height of the high aspect ratio trenches.

Provided is a feature for highly precisely manufacturing a concave diffraction grating that has a uniform diffraction grating pattern. This method for manufacturing a concave diffraction grating includes: preparing a flat diffraction grating that has a lattice groove and that also has an elongated section, a thin-film section, or a low-friction section formed outside of a region for forming a mold for the concave diffraction grating; mounting the flat diffraction grating on a convex substrate and acquiring the mold for the concave diffraction grating; and transferring the lattice groove in the mold to the concave substrate.

To improve brightness of image information visually recognized by a user while using plastic for a light guide plate. An image display element includes: a substrate made of resin; an incident diffraction grating that diffracts incident light; and an exit diffraction grating that emits the light, the incident diffraction grating being formed on a first surface of the substrate, the exit diffraction grating being formed on a second surface on a side opposite to the first surface of the substrate, and the exit diffraction grating being formed on one surface.

A method includes treating a surface of a substrate to cause the surface to include a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion, providing a replication material over the hydrophilic portion, and imprinting the replication material to cause the replication material to have a predetermined characteristic.

A pattern forming method comprises dispensing a curable composition onto an underlayer of a substrate; bringing the curable composition into contact with a mold; irradiating the curable composition with light to form a cured film; and separating the cured film from the mold. The proportion of the number of carbon atoms relative to the total number of atoms in the underlayer is 80% or more. The dispensing step comprises a first dispensing step of dispensing a curable composition (A1) substantially free of a fluorosurfactant onto the underlayer, and a second dispensing step of dripping a droplet of a curable composition (A2) having a fluorosurfactant concentration in components excluding a solvent of 1.1% by mass or less onto the curable composition (A1) discretely.

Methods and apparatuses related to fiducial designs for fiducial markers on glass substrates, or other transparent or translucent substrates, are disclosed. Example fiducial designs can facilitate visual recognition by enhancing edge detection in visual perception. In example fiducial designs, optical features on glass substrates can re-direct light so as to present a bright image region. Such optical features can include surface relief patterns formed in a coating on the surface of glass substrates. An exemplary method for manufacturing the fiducial markers can involve transfers of a fiducial design across a master mold or plate, a submaster mold or plate, and a target glass substrate. A fiducial marker can facilitate the use of the substrate in a variety of applications, including machine vision systems that facilitate automated performance of manufacturing processes on input working material.

A light-guiding plate includes a resin base having a parallelism P of 5 μm or less per an area of 50×100 mm.sup.2.

An optical device combining a spectacle function with an augmented reality function adapted to let an ambient light beam enter an eye of a user is provided. The optical device includes a spectacle lens and a diffractive optical element. The spectacle lens has a first surface facing the eye and a second surface facing away from the eye. The diffractive optical element is disposed on the first surface of the spectacle lens or between the first surface and the second surface of the spectacle lens. The diffractive optical element has a third surface facing the eye and a fourth surface facing away from the eye. The diffractive optical element is a diffractive optical film or a diffractive optical plate. An augmented reality device is also provided.

A diffractive optical element includes: a first material layer that has a diffractive grating shape; and a second material layer that is laminated on the first material layer, the diffractive grating shape forming a plurality of concentric annular ring zones in a plan view from a lamination direction of the first material layer and the second material layer, and a radius of an innermost first ring zone among the plurality of ring zones is less than any one of distances between the ring zones.

A diffraction device includes a ZnS member and a ZnSe member coupled to the ZnS member, and a diffraction grating is provided on the ZnSe member.