A display assembly includes: a display module including a plurality of pixel islands; and a plurality of lens arrays laminated at a light-exiting side of the display module. Each lens array includes a substrate, a cover plate, a first transparent electrode, a second transparent electrode, and a liquid crystal layer and a diffraction lens grating arranged between the first and second transparent electrodes. The diffraction lens grating includes a plurality of diffraction lens grating units corresponding to the plurality of pixel islands. A voltage is applied to each of the first and the second transparent electrodes in such a manner that a refractive index of a liquid crystal molecule in the liquid crystal layer is equal to or not equal to a refractive index of the diffraction lens grating.

A diffraction device includes a ZnS member and a ZnSe member coupled to the ZnS member, and a diffraction grating is provided on the ZnSe member.

A wavefront sensor includes a splitting element configured to split an incident light beam into a plurality of light beams, an image sensor configured to receive the plurality of light beams, and a processing unit configured to calculate a wavefront of the incident light beam based on an intensity distribution of the plurality of light beams received by the image sensor. The splitting element is either in direct contact with the image sensor or in contact with the image sensor via a plate glass. In the calculation of the wavefront, the processing unit corrects a relative positional deviation between the splitting element and the image sensor by calculating a rotation about a rotation axis.

An image sensing device includes a pixel array configured to include a first pixel group and a second pixel group that are contiguous to each other, each of the first pixel group and second pixel group including a plurality of imaging pixels to convert light into pixel signals, and a light field lens array disposed over the pixel array to direct light to the imaging pixels and configured as a moveable structure that is operable to move between a first position and a second position in a horizontal direction by a predetermined distance corresponding to a width of the first pixel group or a width of the second pixel group, the light field lens array configured to include one or more lens regions each including a light field lens and one or more open regions formed without the light field lens to enable both light filed imaging and conventional imaging.

An image display device includes a display panel displaying an image, and a diffractive element formed to operate in a 2D mode or a 3D mode so that the image of the display panel is perceived as a 2D image or a 3D image after passing through the diffractive element. In the image display device, the diffractive element includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first electrode layer formed on the first substrate that includes a plurality of zones, a second electrode layer formed on the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. Further, when the diffractive element operates in the 3D mode, a common voltage is applied to the second electrode layer, and polarity of voltages applied to the first electrode layer with respect to the common voltage is inverted every zone.

A projection screen including a substrate, Fresnel structures and a protective layer is provided. The Fresnel structures are located on a surface of the substrate facing an image-source side and arranged along a first direction. Each Fresnel structure extends along a second direction. The protective layer has a first surface facing the image-source side. The first surface has optical microstructures. The optical microstructures are orthographically projected on a reference plane to form orthographic projection patterns. Each of the orthographic projection patterns has a first axis and a second axis substantially perpendicular to each other. The first axis passes through two end points having a maximum distance in the first direction. The second axis passes through two end points having a maximum distance in the second direction. Each of the orthographic projection patterns is symmetry to at least one of the first axis and the second axis.

The imaging device includes: a modulator configured to modulate a light intensity in accordance with a real pattern; an image sensor configured to create a sensor image in accordance with the modulated light; and a micro lens array including a plurality of micro lenses arranged to correspond to a plurality of pixels of the image sensor. The imaging device has a distribution property of a relative positional difference amount between a center position of a light receiver of each pixel of the plurality of pixels and a center position of each micro lens of the plurality of micro lenses of the micro lens array in a plane of the image sensor. This property has at least one point or more with a changing difference value of the difference amount between the adjacent pixels from a positive value to a negative value or from a negative value to a positive value.

Systems and methods for improving the brightness of a transparent display are disclosed herein. One embodiment collects ambient light using an array of metasurface lenses disposed on an external surface of a vehicle; collects internal light from the vehicle's headlights; filters the ambient light and the internal light to produce filtered ambient light and filtered internal light; generates primary-source light using a light-emitting-diode (LED) light source; and injects, into a transparent edge-lit liquid crystal waveguide display deployed in at least a portion of a window of the vehicle, the primary-source light, the filtered ambient light, and the filtered internal light in a color-synchronized manner. The filtered ambient light and the filtered internal light improve the brightness of the transparent edge-lit liquid crystal waveguide display.

A maskless, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography scanner uses an array of microlenses, such as binary-optic, zone-plate lenses, to focus EUV radiation onto an array of focus spots (e.g. about 2 million spots), which are imaged through projection optics (e.g., two EUV mirrors) onto a writing surface (e.g., at 6× reduction, numerical aperture 0.55). The surface is scanned while the spots are modulated to form a high-resolution, digitally synthesized exposure image. The projection system includes a diffractive mirror, which operates in combination with the microlenses to achieve point imaging performance substantially free of geometric and chromatic aberration. Similarly, a holographic EUV lithography stepper can use a diffractive photomask in conjunction with a diffractive projection mirror to achieve substantially aberration-free, full-field imaging performance for high-throughput, mask-projection lithography. Maskless and holographic EUV lithography can both be implemented at the industry-standard 13.5-nm wavelength, and could potentially be adapted for operation at a 6.7-nm wavelength.

A display switching device, a display device and an electronic device are provided. The display switching device includes: a controller; and a lens array, including a plurality of diffractive lenticular lenses, wherein each of the diffractive lenticular lenses includes: a first substrate, including a diffraction phase grating array; a liquid crystal element, including liquid crystal being filled in the diffraction phase grating array; a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer configured to apply a voltage to the liquid crystal element, wherein the controller is configured to acquire a corresponding display mode and apply a control voltage corresponding to the display mode to the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer according to the display mode to change a refractive index state of the liquid crystal element.