A system and method for providing a radiation source. In one arrangement, the radiation source includes an optical fiber that is hollow, and has an axial direction, a gas that fills the hollow of the optical fiber, and a plurality of temperature setting devices disposed at respective positions along the axial direction of the optical fiber, wherein the temperature setting devices are configured to control the temperature of the gas to locally control the density of the gas.

An image display apparatus according to the present invention includes an image light generator (100) that emits image light, a first reflection element (11) that the image light from the image light generator (100) is to enter, the first reflection element (11) having a transmitting action and a reflecting action on the image light, a second reflection element (12) that reflects, toward the first reflection element (11), the image light that has entered via the first reflection element (11) and causes the image light to re-enter the first reflection element (11), the second reflection element (12) having a reflecting action on the image light, a light-condensing optical system (20) that converges, toward a position of a pupil of an observer, the image light that has re-entered the first reflection element (11), and a controller (40) that controls a placement angle of the first reflection element (11), the second reflection element (12), or both on the basis of the position of the pupil of the observer.

A wear sensing liner for a comminution apparatus. The wear sensing liner comprising: a liner body comprising; a wear surface side defining a wear surface; and an opposed, operatively rear surface side; and at least one sensor carried by the liner body. The at least one sensor being carried by the liner body to sense wear of the wear surface side of the liner body. The at least one sensor being configured to degrade in response to wear of the wear surface side of the liner body and to output a signal representative of the wear of the wear surface side of the liner body.

A wear sensing liner for a comminution apparatus. The wear sensing liner comprising: a liner body comprising; a wear surface side defining a wear surface; and an opposed, operatively rear surface side; and at least one sensor carried by the liner body. The at least one sensor being carried by the liner body to sense wear of the wear surface side of the liner body. The at least one sensor being configured to degrade in response to wear of the wear surface side of the liner body and to output a signal representative of the wear of the wear surface side of the liner body.

According to various embodiments, an array of elements forms an artificially-structured material. The artificially-structured material can also include an array of tuning mechanisms included as part of the array of elements that are configured to change material properties of the artificially-structured material on a per-element basis. The tuning mechanisms can change the material properties of the artificially-structured material by changing operational properties of the elements in the array of elements on a per-element basis based on one or a combination of stimuli detected by sensors included in the array of tuning mechanisms, programmable circuit modules included as part of the array of tuning mechanisms, data stored at individual data stores included as part of the array of tuning mechanisms, and communications transmitted through interconnects included as part of the array of elements.

A hollow core fiber (HCF) has a cross section with a substantially-circular hollow core in a cladding lattice, an axial center and a reference direction that extends radially in one direction from the axial center. The HCF comprises modified holes that are located along linear paths that extend radially outward from the axial center. The modified holes, which are located at various radial distances from the axial center and at various azimuthal angles from the reference direction, have non-uniform modified properties. These non-uniform modified properties include radially-varying properties, azimuthally-varying properties, or a combination of radially-varying and azimuthally-varying properties.

A system and method for providing a radiation source. In one arrangement, the radiation source includes an optical fiber that is hollow, and has an axial direction, a gas that fills the hollow of the optical fiber, and a plurality of temperature setting devices disposed at respective positions along the axial direction of the optical fiber, wherein the temperature setting devices are configured to control the temperature of the gas to locally control the density of the gas.

A system and method for providing a radiation source. In one arrangement, the radiation source includes an optical fiber that is hollow, and has an axial direction, a gas that fills the hollow of the optical fiber, and a plurality of temperature setting devices disposed at respective positions along the axial direction of the optical fiber, wherein the temperature setting devices are configured to control the temperature of the gas to locally control the density of the gas.

According to various embodiments, an array of elements forms an artificially-structured material. The artificially-structured material can also include an array of tuning mechanisms included as part of the array of elements that are configured to change material properties of the artificially-structured material on a per-element basis. The tuning mechanisms can change the material properties of the artificially-structured material by changing operational properties of the elements in the array of elements on a per-element basis based on one or a combination of stimuli detected by sensors included in the array of tuning mechanisms, programmable circuit modules included as part of the array of tuning mechanisms, data stored at individual data stores included as part of the array of tuning mechanisms, and communications transmitted through interconnects included as part of the array of elements.

A system and method for providing a radiation source. In one arrangement, the radiation source includes an optical fiber that is hollow, and has an axial direction, a gas that fills the hollow of the optical fiber, and a plurality of temperature setting devices disposed at respective positions along the axial direction of the optical fiber, wherein the temperature setting devices are configured to control the temperature of the gas to locally control the density of the gas.