A transparent optical element may include a layer of an electroactive ceramic disposed between transparent electrodes, such that the electrodes are each oriented perpendicular to a non-polar direction of the ceramic layer. Optical properties of the optical element, including transmissivity, haze, and clarity may be improved by the application of a voltage to the electroactive ceramic, and an associated phase transformation.

A transparent optical element may include a layer of an electroactive ceramic disposed between transparent electrodes, such that the electrodes are each oriented perpendicular to a non-polar direction of the ceramic layer. Optical properties of the optical element, including transmissivity, haze, and clarity may be improved by the application of a voltage to the electroactive ceramic, and an associated phase transformation.

The optical response of a metasurface is controlled by actuating it via an electrical or magnetic field, temperature control, optical pumping or electromechanical actuation. The metasurface will therefore control the polarization of the incident light. The metasurface comprises an array of patch antennas. The patch antennas are in the form of asymmetrical elements, including rotated rods, cross-shapes, V-shapes, and L-shapes.

The optical response of a metasurface is controlled by actuating it via an electrical or magnetic field, temperature control, optical pumping or electromechanical actuation. The metasurface will therefore control the polarization of the incident light. The metasurface comprises an array of patch antennas. The patch antennas are in the form of asymmetrical elements, including rotated rods, cross-shapes, V-shapes, and L-shapes.