An ion writing unit including an ion generator and an array of electrode nozzles aligned to receive and guide generated ions. The ion writing unit convertibly operates between at least a first mode and a second mode. In the first mode, ions flow from the ion generator through selected nozzles at a first flow rate to cause image formation on an electrically biased passive e-paper spaced apart from the electrode holes. In the second mode, ions flow from the ion generator through at least some electrode nozzles at a second flow rate that does not cause image formation on the electrically biased passive e-paper.

An ion writing unit includes an ion generator and an array of electrode nozzles aligned to receive and guide generated ions. An air flow source causes an air flow adjacent the ion generator or in an orientation adjacent the electrode nozzles.

Liquid crystal modulator optical devices and more specifically shutters and smart windows are presented. The liquid crystal modulator devices are characterized by a reduced polymer content which is eliminated from the material composition of the liquid crystal layer and characterized by non-uniform electrode structures in the liquid crystal structure configured to generate spatially non-uniform electric fields and therefore non-uniform molecular reorientation of liquid crystal molecules. This arrangement advantageously makes light scattering electrically controllable.

Systems provide cooling of an optic such as an optically addressed light valve such that the valve is sensitive to temperature and pressure variations and is thus temperature and pressure controlled. In the case of an optic such as an optically addressed light valve, the fluid pressure outside the valve is low enough that it does not compress the liquid crystal gap of the valve. The cooling fluid is transparent to the high powered wavelength of light used during operation such as in an additive manufacturing process.

A liquid crystal panel and a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal panel is provided. The liquid crystal panel includes an upper substrate and a lower substrate disposed opposite to each other, a plurality of color resistances disposed on a side of the upper substrate facing the lower substrate, and a frame adhesive and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate; a plurality of display regions are enclosed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate by the frame adhesive; each display region includes one color resistance, each color resistance includes one numerical hollow pattern, and the numerical hollow pattern of each color resistance is not same as others; the liquid crystal layer includes a plurality of liquid crystals disposed in the display regions; a clearing point temperature of the liquid crystal of each different display region is not same as others.

A tunable optical filter provides a narrow passband centered around the wavelength of the laser beam to limit ambient light noise impinging on a primary photodetector. As the wavelength changes due to temperature or other effects, the wavelength is indirectly measured and used to shift the passband of the filter to center it on the shifted wavelength. A portion of the emitted beam is diverted through the same tunable filter to a feedback photodetector. The output of the feedback photodetector will be at a maximum value when the tunable filter passband is centered on the laser beam wavelength. By controlling the passband of the tunable filter to maximize the feedback photodetector output, the passband remains centered on the laser wavelength. The tunable filter is a Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter (LCTF) or another tunable filter large enough to pass both reflected and feedback light to the primary and feedback photodetectors.

A fibre comprising a core, a component, for example a liquid crystal, which is susceptible to a change in properties or structure in response to application of the external stimulus and an outer sheath is provided. The component is electrically conductive or adapted to undergo a structural change in response to the applied stimulus.

A liquid crystal panel and a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal panel is provided. The liquid crystal panel includes an upper substrate and a lower substrate disposed opposite to each other, a plurality of color resistances disposed on a side of the upper substrate facing the lower substrate, and a frame adhesive and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate; a plurality of display regions are enclosed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate by the frame adhesive; each display region includes one color resistance, each color resistance includes one numerical hollow pattern, and the numerical hollow pattern of each color resistance is not same as others; the liquid crystal layer includes a plurality of liquid crystals disposed in the display regions; a clearing point temperature of the liquid crystal of each different display region is not same as others.

A liquid crystal mixture and a temperature-responsive infrared reflection device made by using the liquid crystal mixture containing potassium laurate. Infrared light can pass through the device within a non-working temperature range, and a chiral dopant enables potassium laurate to form a cholesteric phase within a working temperature range. The birefringence value of the potassium laurate gradually increases with the increase of temperature between 12.5° C. and 26° C., so that the infrared reflection bandwidth of the device constantly increases. The birefringence value of the potassium laurate gradually decreases with the increase of temperature between 26° C. and 54.5° C., so that the infrared reflection bandwidth of the device constantly decreases. The infrared reflection bandwidth of the infrared reflection device can vary with temperature by adjusting the proportions of the ingredients of the liquid crystal mixture containing potassium laurate.

A color changing glasses frame apparatus for showing body temperature change and stylistic expression includes a glasses frame including a pair of rim portions and a bridge portion extending between the pair of rim portions. A pair of end pieces is coupled to a left distal end and a right distal end of the pair of rim portions of the glasses frame. A pair of temples is hingingly coupled to the pair of end pieces and moves between a folded position and an extended position. The glasses frame, the pair of end pieces, and the pair of temples each have an inner core and a coating layer continuously disposed around the inner core. The coating layer is heat sensitive and changes colors with the user's body temperature. A pair of lenses is coupled to the glasses frame within the pair of rim portions.