A performance of a display apparatus is improved. A display apparatus includes a glass plate, a display panel facing the glass plate, a frame housing a part of the glass plate and a part of the display panel, and a light source module housed in the frame. The glass plate has a side surface. The display panel includes a first substrate facing the glass plate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate. The light source module is disposed at a position facing the side surface of the glass plate.

A switchable glass panel, a method of forming switchable glass panel and a method of forming switchable glass are provided. The method includes: forming a first electrode layer and a first alignment layer sequentially on a first substrate, and forming a second electrode layer and a second alignment layer sequentially on a second substrate; forming first sealants distributed along a first direction, second sealants distributed along a second direction and an edge sealant at the edge of the first alignment layer on the first alignment layer, where the first sealants and the second sealants form a grid with a plurality of openings; forming a plurality of liquid crystal layers corresponding to the plurality of openings on the second alignment layer; and oppositely arranging the first substrate and the second substrate to form a cell, and curing the first sealants and the second sealants.

According to an aspect, a display device includes: an array substrate having a display region provided with a plurality of signal lines arranged with spaces in a first direction and a plurality of scanning lines arranged with spaces in a second direction; a counter substrate; a liquid crystal layer between the array substrate and the counter substrate; and a light source disposed so as to cause light to enter a side surface of the array substrate or a side surface of the counter substrate. The counter substrate is provided with a light-blocking layer. In a plan view, the light-blocking layer overlaps either of the signal lines and the scanning lines, and the other of the signal lines and the scanning lines each have a non-overlapping portion that does not overlap the light-blocking layer.

Disclosed herein are methods for making a thin film device and/or for reducing warp in a thin film device, the methods comprising applying at least one metal film to a convex surface of a glass substrate, wherein the glass substrate is substantially dome-shaped. Other methods disclosed include methods of determining the concavity of a glass sheet. The method includes determining the orientation of the concavity and measuring a magnitude of the edge lift of the sheet when the sheet is supported by a flat surface and acted upon by gravity. Thin film devices made according to these methods and display devices comprising such thin film devices are also disclosed herein.

A method for manufacturing an array substrate is provided. The array substrate, by providing a black matrix and a color resist layer on the array substrate and providing the color resist layer on the TFT layer, prevents bad influences on the color resist layer caused by a high temperature TFT process so as to provide a liquid crystal panel with improved displaying quality. The method includes, firstly, forming a black matrix on a substrate, and secondly, implementing a TFT manufacture process on the black matrix, and then forming a color resist layer after the TFT manufacture process. Accordingly, forming both the black matrix and the color resist layer on the array substrate can be achieved, where the color resist layer is formed after the TFT manufacture process to prevent bad phenomenon caused by the high temperature of the TFT process.

A plastic substrate includes: a plastic support member having light transmittance; and a first organic-inorganic hybrid layer on the plastic support member. The first organic-inorganic hybrid layer includes: a first organic-inorganic hybrid matrix; and ions implanted into the first organic-inorganic hybrid matrix at a side opposite to a side adjacent the plastic support member. An amount of the ions per unit area is in a range from about 2×10.sup.13/cm.sup.2 to about 2×10.sup.14/cm.sup.2.

An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a first electronic device unit. The first electronic device unit includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate. The first substrate includes a protruding part which protrudes outward a boundary of the second substrate along a protruding direction perpendicular to a normal direction of the first substrate. The protruding part includes a first side surface having a portion that has been grinded and a portion that has been ungrinded, and a surface roughness of the portion that has been grinded is different from a surface roughness of the portion that has been ungrinded.

Disclosed are liquid crystal devices including at least two liquid crystal layers, at least one interstitial substrate separating the liquid crystal layers, and at least two alignment layers disposed on opposing surfaces of the interstitial substrate. Also disclosed are liquid crystal windows incorporating said liquid crystal devices.

Disclosed are methods for manufacturing liquid crystal devices including at least two liquid crystal layers and at least one interstitial substrate separating the liquid crystal layers. Methods for processing, assembling, and singulating liquid crystal devices are also disclosed.

A method for forming an electronic device including two stacked liquid crystal cells is disclosed. A first liquid crystal cell including two substrates is provided. A second liquid crystal cell is formed by disposing another substrate to one of the substrates of the first liquid crystal cell. Subsequently, a cutting step is performed to cut off unnecessary portions of the substrates of the first liquid crystal cell and the second liquid crystal cell. Before bonding the another substrate, a pre-cutting step is performed to form at least a pre-cutting mark on the substrate on which the another substrate is bonded in order to facilitate removal of unnecessary portions of the substrates.