In a liquid crystal device, a first pixel area is provided in a pixel area of a first substrate, and a second pixel area is provided between the first pixel area and a seal material. The first pixel area has a first pixel electrode to which an image signal is applied, the image signal having a potential alternately switching between a positive polarity and a negative polarity with reference to a first central potential. The second pixel area includes a second pixel electrode to which a first driving potential is applied, the first driving potential having a potential alternately switching between a positive polarity and a negative polarity with reference to a second central potential, the first central potential and the second central potential having a potential difference set therebetween. Therefore, ionic impurities can be efficiently swept from the first pixel area to the second pixel area.

In a liquid crystal device, a first pixel area is provided in a pixel area of a first substrate, and a second pixel area is provided between the first pixel area and a seal material. The first pixel area has a first pixel electrode to which an image signal is applied, the image signal having a potential alternately switching between a positive polarity and a negative polarity with reference to a first central potential. The second pixel area includes a second pixel electrode to which a first driving potential is applied, the first driving potential having a potential alternately switching between a positive polarity and a negative polarity with reference to a second central potential, the first central potential and the second central potential having a potential difference set therebetween. Therefore, ionic impurities can be efficiently swept from the first pixel area to the second pixel area.

In a liquid crystal device, an intermediate refractive index film including a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, or an aluminum oxide film is provided between an oriented film formed of a diagonally vapor-deposited film of silicon oxide and an electrode containing ITO. Thus, because there are no interfaces having a large refractive index difference between the oriented film and the electrode, reflection between the oriented film and the electrode can be suppressed. A high density silicon oxide film is formed between the intermediate refractive index film and the oriented film. The high density silicon oxide film is formed by an atomic deposition method, thus is appropriately formed inside a contact hole.

A liquid crystal device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules, a spacer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the spacer being configured to define a distance between the first substrate and the second substrate, an electrode disposed between the first substrate or the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer, the electrode being configured to apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer, and an inorganic oriented film disposed between the electrode and the liquid crystal layer.

A liquid crystal device in one aspect of the present disclosure includes a liquid crystal layer, and an electrode layer configured to form an electric field in the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal composition in which an organic compound having a property of inhibiting a polymerization reaction caused by light action is added to a liquid crystal mixture as a polymerization inhibitor.

The phase difference compensation element that is used in combination with a liquid crystal cell provided with a liquid crystal layer in which an optical axis of liquid crystal molecules is inclined and that compensates for a phase difference of light generated in the liquid crystal layer, the phase difference compensation element includes a substrate and a phase difference film having at least one oblique vapor deposition layer on at least one substrate surface of the substrate, and the phase difference compensation element is disposed in an aspect in which an intersecting angle between a slow-axis direction of the phase difference film and a fast-axis direction of the liquid crystal layer, which is a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the inclined optical axis of the liquid crystal molecules is projected onto the substrate surface, is −25° to +25°.

A liquid crystal device includes: an element substrate; a counter substrate disposed opposite to the element substrate; a sealing material disposed between the element substrate and the counter substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed on an inner side of the sealing material and containing liquid crystal. The element substrate includes an alignment film configured to align the liquid crystal and an ion-adsorbing first adsorption film disposed in contact with the sealing material. The alignment film includes a first vapor-deposited film and a second vapor-deposited film disposed between the first vapor-deposited film and the liquid crystal layer. The second vapor-deposited film and the first adsorption film include a column of which a long axis direction intersects a thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. A thickness of the first adsorption film is thicker than a thickness of the second vapor-deposited film.

A liquid crystal device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules, a spacer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the spacer being configured to define a distance between the first substrate and the second substrate, an electrode disposed between the first substrate or the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer, the electrode being configured to apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer, and an inorganic oriented film disposed between the electrode and the liquid crystal layer, wherein the inorganic oriented film includes a vapor deposition film including a columnar column extending inclinedly with respect to a normal line to a surface of the electrode, the vapor deposition film includes a first region and a second region located between the first region and the spacer in plan view, and a film thickness of the second region is less than a film thickness of the first region.

A projection-type display apparatus synthesizes and emits light emitted from a plurality of liquid crystal devices with a projection optical system. Provided that a liquid crystal at an inner side of a seal material in the plurality of liquid crystal devices is V1 in volume and a liquid crystal in a display region is V2 in volume in the plurality of liquid crystal devices, in a second liquid crystal device (a liquid crystal device for blue light) on which light having a wavelength shorter than the wavelength of light being incident on a first liquid crystal device (a liquid crystal device for green light) is incident on the display region, a liquid crystal volume ratio V1/V2 is greater than that of the first liquid crystal device, among the plurality of liquid crystal devices.

The invention relates generally to optically high transparency and adjustable haze, superomniphobic, rigid and flexible structures and, more particularly, to fused silica glass and flexible plastic, e.g., polymer, structures having a sub-wavelength texture formed on a surface thereof, which is effective to impart the optical properties of high transparency and adjustable haze to the structures. The texture is reentrant. Additionally, the optically high transparency and adjustable haze structures include a silicon dioxide coating applied to the texture and a treatment of a low surface energy material deposited on the silicon dioxide coating. The silicon dioxide coating renders the structures super hydrophilic, and the low surface energy material treatment renders the structures superomniphobic.