An electrochromic element, includes: a pair of electrodes (3, 5); and an electrochromic layer (7) disposed between the pair of electrodes (3, 5), the electrochromic element being controlled in transmittance by pulse width modulation, in which: the electrochromic layer (7) contains at least one of two or more kinds of anode electrochromic materials, or two or more kinds of cathode electrochromic materials; and all of one of the anode electrochromic materials and the cathode electrochromic materials have an equal molecular length, or have a molecular length ratio of (large molecular length)/(small molecular length) of 1.4 or less, the electrochromic element being such that even when a driving environment temperature changes, its gradation can be controlled under a state in which its absorption spectrum is retained.

The present invention relates to an electrochromic solution and a use thereof, wherein the said solution comprises: a solvent; a thickening polymer agent having a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol, preferably 200,000 g/mol, more preferably of at least 250,000 g/mol; at least an additive having a molecular weight between 300 and 50,000 g/mol, preferably between 320 and 20,000 g/mol; a redox chemical mixture in solution in said solvent said mixture being constituted of at least one electrochromic reducing compound and at least one electrochromic oxidizing compound, and which colors in the presence of an applied voltage and which bleaches to a colorless condition in the absence of an applied voltage. The invention further relates to a device comprising said solution.

The present invention relates to an electrochromic solution and a use thereof, wherein the said solution comprises: a solvent; a thickening polymer agent having a molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mol, preferably 200,000 g/mol, more preferably of at least 250,000 g/mol; at least an additive having a molecular weight between 300 and 50,000 g/mol, preferably between 320 and 20,000 g/mol; a redox chemical mixture in solution in said solvent said mixture being constituted of at least one electrochromic reducing compound and at least one electrochromic oxidizing compound, and which colors in the presence of an applied voltage and which bleaches to a colorless condition in the absence of an applied voltage. The invention further relates to a device comprising said solution.

The use of materially-asymmetric electrodes in an electro-chromic (EC) cell having a single active layer that employs a water-based gel electrolytic material solves a problem that is exhibited during operation of conventionally-structured devices and that is caused by electrolysis of water in the gel and formation of gas bubbles inside the conventionally-structured devices, thereby substantially increasing the number of operational cycles such devices can be subjected to.

Building cladding systems with changeable appearances and methods of use are described. The building cladding system may include a substrate and a coating comprising a switchable material. Varying a voltage, temperature, or wavelength of light on or applied to the coating may change an appearance of the building cladding system.

Building cladding systems with changeable appearances and methods of use are described. The building cladding system may include a substrate and a coating comprising a switchable material. Varying a voltage, temperature, or wavelength of light on or applied to the coating may change an appearance of the building cladding system.

Disclosed herein are compositions of a deep eutectic solvent with a host, such as a supramolecular host, and the use of the composition to form a composition comprising the host in complex with one or more guests. The deep eutectic solvent provides an alternative medium to the aqueous-based media that have been used in the art to date. Also disclosed are compositions of a deep eutectic solvent with a redox-active compound, such as a viologen compound, and the use of the composition, for example, in a smart window or for agricultural use, such as in an agricultural product.

Disclosed herein are compositions of a deep eutectic solvent with a host, such as a supramolecular host, and the use of the composition to form a composition comprising the host in complex with one or more guests. The deep eutectic solvent provides an alternative medium to the aqueous-based media that have been used in the art to date. Also disclosed are compositions of a deep eutectic solvent with a redox-active compound, such as a viologen compound, and the use of the composition, for example, in a smart window or for agricultural use, such as in an agricultural product.

Electrochromic devices and components thereof and systems and methods for controlling electrochromic devices are disclosed. Further, electrochromic materials, electrochromic compositions and electrochromic layers useful for the devices and systems can be in the form of a gel. The present disclosure also provide methods to fabricate electrochromic devices and components thereof, electrochromic compositions, layers and gels.

An organic compound is represented by general formula (1) below: ##STR00001## where X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group; R.sub.11 to R.sub.16 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, and a halogen atom; R.sub.21 and R.sub.22 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group; and A.sub.1.sup.− and A.sub.2.sup.− each independently represent a monovalent anion.