An electro-optic display comprising at least two separate layers of electro-optic material, with one of these layers being capable of displaying at least one optical state which cannot be displayed by the other layer. The display is driven by a single set of electrodes between which both layers are sandwiched, the two layers being controllable at least partially independently of one another. Another form of the invention uses three different types of particles within a single electrophoretic layer, with the three types of particles being arranged to shutter independently of one another.

The present invention provides quantum dots-integrated inorganic-organic hybrid nanorods and the method to make such nanohybrids. It also provides a method to assemble light transmission controlling devices using the nanohybrids provided in this invention. In this invention, the developed nanohybrids for particular light controlling devices, more specifically SPDs have been disclosed.

Processes are provided for depositing multiple color filter materials on a substrate to form color filters. In a first process, the surface characteristic of a substrate is modified by radiation so that a flowable form of a first color filter material will be deposited on a first area, and converted to a non-flowable form. A second color filter material can then be deposited on a second area of the substrate. In a second process, first and second color filter materials are deposited on separate donor sheets and transferred by radiation to separate areas of the substrate. A third process uses flexographic printing to transfer the first and second color filter materials to the substrate.

The invention includes photoelectrophoretic displays and methods for creating reflective images using photoelectrophoretic displays. A photoelectrophoretic display typically includes a transparent electrode, an encapsulated photoelectrophoretic medium, and a rear electrode. An image is created by supplying an electrical potential between the electrodes that is insufficient to cause the photoelectrophoretic particles to move to the transparent electrode in the absence of incident light. In the presence of incident light, however, the photoelectrophoretic particles move to the viewing surface (transparent electrode), thereby producing an image.

The invention includes photoelectrophoretic displays and methods for creating reflective images using photoelectrophoretic displays. A photoelectrophoretic display typically includes a transparent electrode, an encapsulated photoelectrophoretic medium, and a rear electrode. An image is created by supplying an electrical potential between the electrodes that is insufficient to cause the photoelectrophoretic particles to move to the transparent electrode in the absence of incident light. In the presence of incident light, however, the photoelectrophoretic particles move to the viewing surface (transparent electrode), thereby producing an image.

A display for an electronic device includes a plurality of pixel portions. Each pixel portion includes one or more electrophoretic capsules disposed above an organic light emitting diode layer. A first electrode assembly and a second electrode assembly are operable to control the one or more electrophoretic capsules. A control circuit selectively controls the first electrode assembly to cause operation of the one or more electrophoretic capsules in an optically non-transmissive state and the second electrode assembly to cause operation of the one or more electrophoretic capsules in an optically transmissive state.

Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent substrates, or a transparent substrate and a reflective or partially reflective substrate, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

Polymer shells similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,782 can be formed on pigment particles by (a) physi-sorping a reagent comprising polymerizable groups on to the pigment particles by treating the particle with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, such that the reagent will not desorb from the particle surface when the particle is placed in a hydrocarbon medium; or (b) treating pigment particles bearing nucleophilic groups with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, and an electrophilic group, thus attaching the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating groups to the particle surface. The zeta potential of the pigment particles can be varied by a process similar to (b) but using a reagent which does not have a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group.

Polymer shells similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,782 can be formed on pigment particles by (a) physi-sorping a reagent comprising polymerizable groups on to the pigment particles by treating the particle with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, such that the reagent will not desorb from the particle surface when the particle is placed in a hydrocarbon medium; or (b) treating pigment particles bearing nucleophilic groups with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, and an electrophilic group, thus attaching the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating groups to the particle surface. The zeta potential of the pigment particles can be varied by a process similar to (b) but using a reagent which does not have a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group.

Polymer shells similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,782 can be formed on pigment particles by (a) physi-sorping a reagent comprising polymerizable groups on to the pigment particles by treating the particle with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, such that the reagent will not desorb from the particle surface when the particle is placed in a hydrocarbon medium; or (b) treating pigment particles bearing nucleophilic groups with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, and an electrophilic group, thus attaching the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating groups to the particle surface. The zeta potential of the pigment particles can be varied by a process similar to (b) but using a reagent which does not have a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group.