Provided is a developer carrying member that can stably form a high-quality electrophotographic image. The developer carrying member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer in the stated order, wherein the surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive particles, and a content of the electroconductive particles in a region from a surface of the surface layer opposite to an outer surface thereof on a side facing the electroconductive support to a depth of 150 nm is 1% or more and 25% or less, and wherein the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10.sup.−2 Ω.Math.cm or more and 1.0×10.sup.2Ω.Math.cm or less.

Provided is a developer carrying member that can stably form a high-quality electrophotographic image. The developer carrying member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer in the stated order, wherein the surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive particles, and a content of the electroconductive particles in a region from a surface of the surface layer opposite to an outer surface thereof on a side facing the electroconductive support to a depth of 150 nm is 1% or more and 25% or less, and wherein the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10.sup.−2 Ω.Math.cm or more and 1.0×10.sup.2 Ω.Math.cm or less.

A developer bearing member including: a rotational shaft; and an elastic layer on an outer circumference surface of the rotational shaft, developer being borne on a surface of the elastic layer, wherein the elastic layer is configured such that a load per unit area of a contact portion between one surface of a flat glass plate and the surface of the elastic layer is to be 5.8 N/mm.sup.2 or more, in a state that the one surface of the flat glass plate being parallel with an axis direction of the rotational shaft and the one surface of the flat glass plate coming into contact with the surface of the elastic layer with a predetermined penetration level, and wherein a ten-point average roughness Rzjis on the surface of the elastic layer is greater than a volume-average particle diameter of a particle of the developer.

A developer bearing member including: a rotational shaft; and an elastic layer on an outer circumference surface of the rotational shaft, developer being borne on a surface of the elastic layer, wherein the elastic layer is configured such that a load per unit area of a contact portion between one surface of a flat glass plate and the surface of the elastic layer is to be 5.8 N/mm.sup.2 or more, in a state that the one surface of the flat glass plate being parallel with an axis direction of the rotational shaft and the one surface of the flat glass plate coming into contact with the surface of the elastic layer with a predetermined penetration level, and wherein a ten-point average roughness Rzjis on the surface of the elastic layer is greater than a volume-average particle diameter of a particle of the developer.

A conductive roller includes a supporting member and a conductive elastic foam layer disposed on the supporting member. In a spectrum of amplitude (m) vs. period (m) obtained by subjecting a roughness waveform of the outer circumferential surface of the conductive elastic foam layer in an axial direction to fast Fourier transformation, the integrated value St of the amplitude within a period range of 100 m or more and 300 m or less is 455 m or less.

There are provided a developing roller having no risks of the image density of formed images rapidly decreasing and the occurrence of an uneven density since a toner transportation amount does not decrease greatly even if image formation is repeated, and a method of producing the same. In a developing roller, a plurality of recesses are disposed on an outer circumferential surface of a roller main body so that a ratio P.sub.A/P.sub.C of a pitch P.sub.A in an axial direction on the outer circumferential surface to a pitch P.sub.C in a circumferential direction is set to a range exceeding 1.1. The production method includes a process of forming the recesses on the outer circumferential surface by laser processing.

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.

There are provided a developing roller having no risks of the image density of formed images rapidly decreasing and the occurrence of an uneven density since a toner transportation amount does not decrease greatly even if image formation is repeated, and a method of producing the same. In a developing roller, a plurality of recesses are disposed on an outer circumferential surface of a roller main body so that a ratio P.sub.A/P.sub.C of a pitch P.sub.A in an axial direction on the outer circumferential surface to a pitch P.sub.C in a circumferential direction is set to a range exceeding 1.1. The production method includes a process of forming the recesses on the outer circumferential surface by laser processing.

A developing device includes a development container, a developer carrying member, and a regulation blade. The development container is for containing a non-magnetic one-component developer composed only of the toner. The developer carrying member is manufactured by a polishing method and includes a rotary shaft and a roller portion stacked on an outer circumferential surface of the rotary shaft, and a toner layer is formed on the roller portion. The regulation blade contacts the outer circumferential surface of the roller portion so as to regulate a thickness of the toner layer. When ten-point average roughnesses in a circumferential direction and in an axial direction of the roller portion are indicated as Rz1 and Rz2, respectively, Rz1/Rz2?1.5 is satisfied, and a contact linear pressure of the regulation blade with respect to the roller portion is not less than 15 [N/m] and not more than 40 [N/m].