Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a polyester resin (1) having a dicarboxylic acid unit (A) represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit (B) represented by Formula (B), and a charge transport material, and in a case where a weight-average molecular weight Mw of the polyester resin (1) contained in the charge transport layer is defined as A (10,000), a value of a ratio M1/M2 of a mass M1 of the charge transport material contained in the charge transport layer to a mass M2 of the charge transport layer is defined as Cs, and an average thickness of the charge transport layer is defined as Ds (μm), expressions of 5≤A≤40, 0.28≤Cs≤0.55, 27≤Ds≤50, and 2.5≤(A×Ds)/(Cs×100)≤70.0 are satisfied.

##STR00001##

In Formula (A), n.sup.1 represents 1, 2, or 3, n.sup.1 number of m.sup.1's each independently represent 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, m.sup.1 number of Ra.sup.1's each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.

In Formula (B), Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, Rb.sup.3, Rb.sup.4, Rb.sup.5, Rb.sup.6, Rb.sup.7, Rb.sup.8, Rb.sup.9, and Rb.sup.10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin is represented by general formula (1) shown below. In general formula (1), X represents a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4) shown below.

##STR00001##

In a positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member, a photosensitive layer contains at least a hole transport material, and particles of a first resin. A compound represented by general formula (1) is contained as the hole transport material. In the general formula (1), R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 2 and no greater than 4. R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 4. Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 each represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 20. At least one of Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 represents an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 20. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: a conductive support; and a photosensitive layer on the conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains a charge transport substance, a binder resin, and a compound which has a molecular weight of equal to or less than 350, and is represented by General Formula (1).

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a hole transporting layer containing a polyester resin having a structural unit expressed by formula (1) as a hole transporting substance.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a binder resin, at least one selected from a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment and a chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigment, a hole transporting material, and an electron transporting material and has a Martens hardness Hm of 170 N/mm.sup.2 or more and 200 N/mm.sup.2 or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support. A top surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine-containing dispersant, and two or more charge transporting materials. When the charge transporting materials are listed in order of decreasing HOMO energy levels, a difference in HOMO energy level between each adjacent two of the charge The ratio A of the amount of each of the charge transporting materials to the total amount of the charge transporting materials satisfies the condition 1 below,

[(100/N)−(100/N×0.3)]≤A≤[(100/N)+(100/N×0.3)]  Condition 1 where N represents the number of types of the charge transporting materials included in the top surface layer.

An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer that includes at least one of a hindered phenol antioxidant and a benzophenone ultraviolet absorber, a charging device, an electrostatic latent image forming device, a developing device, and a transfer device that includes an intermediate transfer belt whose electric field dependence of a volume resistivity is 0.003 or less (log Ω.Math.cm)/V in a voltage range of from 500 V to 1,000 V, and transfers a toner image formed on a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor onto a recording medium through the intermediate transfer belt and erases charges from the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by applying current to the electrophotographic photoreceptor after the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has been transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate including an outer peripheral surface treated with a silazane; and a photosensitive layer on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge generating material and a charge transporting material.