An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer on the support, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a polymerization product of a composition containing polyrotaxane and a charge transporting substance, and the polymerization product including a bond between the polyrotaxane and the charge transporting substance.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that has an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer on the electroconductive support, and reduces image failures. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product of a composition of: a charge transporting compound having a specific polymerizable functional group; a polytetrafluoroethylene particle having a specific primary particle diameter; and a polymer having specific structural units and having weight average molecular weight.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge-generating layer, a first hole-transporting layer, and a second hole-transporting layer, wherein the second hole-transporting layer contains a hole-transportable compound represented by the formula (1) (mass: W1, energy value of the highest occupied molecular orbital: CTM1HOMO), and a hole-transportable compound represented by the formula (2) (mass: W2) and/or a hole-transportable compound represented by the formula (3) (mass: W3) (energy value of the highest occupied molecular orbital: CTM2HOMO), wherein a value calculated from the expression (I) is from 0.05% by mass to 5.0% by mass, and wherein the expression (II) is satisfied: (W2+W3)/(W1+W2+W3)×100 (% by mass)—Expression (I); and 0.05 (eV)≤|CTM2HOMO|-|CTM1HOMO|≤0.30 (eV)—(II).

An electrophotographic image forming system forms an electrostatic latent image on at least a photoreceptor, develops an image using an electrostatic charge image developing toner, and removes the toner using a cleaning blade. A tip ridge of the cleaning blade is pressed against a surface of the photoreceptor. The system includes a photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor and a surface protecting layer that is provided on a surface of the photosensitive layer. The surface protecting layer includes a polymerizable monomer having at least two polymerizable groups in a molecule and a polymer of a hole transporting compound having a polymerizable group represented by General formula (1). The tip ridge of the cleaning blade has an edge angle that is obtuse and less than 120° and is pressed against the surface of the photoreceptor at an effective contact angle that is in a range of 8 to 20°.

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The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses electric potential fluctuations in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a compound having a structure represented by formula (1), and the protective layer includes a resin having a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3).

An image forming apparatus includes an image holding member including a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer; a charging unit; an electrostatic image forming unit; a developing unit that includes an electrostatic image developer having a toner and develops the electrostatic image to form a toner image; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a recording medium; a fixing unit that fixes the toner image; and a cleaning unit that includes a cleaning blade. The toner includes toner particles and silica particles having a number average particle size of 110 nm to 130 nm, a large-diameter-side number particle size distribution index (upper GSDp) of less than 1.080, and an average circularity of 0.94 to 0.98, wherein 80 number % or more of the silica particles have a circularity of 0.92 or more.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support having a thickness of 3 mm or more, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and a surface protection layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, in which the surface protection layer is a layer composed of a film formed by curing a composition including a reactive group-containing charge transporting material including a reactive group and a charge transporting skeleton in the same molecule, or a film formed by curing a composition including an unreactive charge transporting material and a reactive group-containing non-charge transporting material that does not include a charge transporting skeleton and includes a reactive group, and the ratio of the degree of cure of the conductive support-side surface of the surface protection layer which faces the conductive support to the degree of cure of the outer periphery-side surface of the surface protection layer which serves as the outer periphery is 75% or more.

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a plurality of layers containing at least one outermost layer, wherein at least one of the outermost layer contains a polymer having a first structure where at least one carbonyl group is bonded to an aromatic group and a second structure represented by Formula (A). In Formula (A), at least two of R.sup.11 to R.sup.13 are groups represented by Formula (2), and in Formula (2), R.sup.21 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or an alkoxy group:

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There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of suppressing the environmental fluctuation in repeated use. A protective layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymer of a composition containing a hole transporting compound having two or more (meth)acryloyloxy groups and a compound having a specific structure.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that has an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer on the electroconductive support, and reduces image failures. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product of a composition of: a charge transporting compound having a specific polymerizable functional group; a polytetrafluoroethylene particle having a specific primary particle diameter; and a polymer having specific structural units and having weight average molecular weight.