Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has high abrasion resistance and is resistant to being deeply flawed. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a surface layer formed on the support, wherein the surface layer comprises at least inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof, wherein at least a resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and wherein when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., the loss tangent tan δ of the dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has high abrasion resistance and is resistant to being deeply flawed. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a surface layer formed on the support, wherein the surface layer comprises at least inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof, wherein at least a resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and wherein when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., the loss tangent tan δ of the dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

Provided is a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit including a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner includes a toner particle, the toner particle has a surface containing a polyvalent acid metal salt particle, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least one metal oxide particle among an aluminum oxide particle, a silicon dioxide particle, and a tin oxide particle.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive holder; and at least a charge producing layer and a charge transport layer disposed on the conductive holder in order. The charge transport layer contains at least a binder resin, a charge transport agent and a p-type metal oxide particle.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive holder; and at least a charge producing layer and a charge transport layer disposed on the conductive holder in order. The charge transport layer contains at least a binder resin, a charge transport agent and a p-type metal oxide particle.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer sequentially layered on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a curable composition containing p-type semiconductor fine particles, an n-type organic semiconductor, and a polymerizable compound.

A support, a conductive layer, and an intermediate layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member have a particular surface profile. The intermediate layer is a cured film containing particles.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive substrate; a charge generation layer that is disposed on the conductive substrate and contains a resin, a phthalocyanine pigment, and a compound represented by the following Formula (BP); and a charge transport layer that is disposed on the charge generation layer and contains a charge transport material,

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wherein R.sup.B1, R.sup.B2 and R.sup.B3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical substrate; and a surface layer located on an outer surface of the cylindrical substrate. At least a substrate central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the cylindrical substrate is formed as a rough surface, and a surface roughness of a surface-layer central portion in the cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the surface layer is larger than that of at least one of two surface-layer end portions in the cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the surface layer. An image forming apparatus includes the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a peripheral member capable of contacting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.