An electroluminescent cell can comprise a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electroluminescent layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode can comprise a light-transmitting electrode layer that can comprise electrically conductive regions interspersed by light-transmitting regions. The light-transmitting regions can have higher light-transmissivity than the electrically conductive regions.

An electroluminescent cell can comprise a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electroluminescent layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode can comprise a light-transmitting electrode layer that can comprise electrically conductive regions interspersed by light-transmitting regions. The light-transmitting regions can have higher light-transmissivity than the electrically conductive regions.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a cured product of a composition containing at least one selected from the group consisting of: a charge-transportable compound; and electroconductive particles, and an organic salt having a polymerizable functional group, and wherein the organic salt is formed of an organic cation and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of: an organic anion; and an inorganic anion.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a cured product of a composition containing at least one selected from the group consisting of: a charge-transportable compound; and electroconductive particles, and an organic salt having a polymerizable functional group, and wherein the organic salt is formed of an organic cation and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of: an organic anion; and an inorganic anion.

An electroluminescent cell can comprise a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electroluminescent layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode can comprise a light-transmitting electrode layer that can comprise electrically conductive regions interspersed by light-transmitting regions. The light-transmitting regions can have higher light-transmissivity than the electrically conductive regions.

An electroluminescent cell can comprise a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electroluminescent layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode can comprise a light-transmitting electrode layer that can comprise electrically conductive regions interspersed by light-transmitting regions. The light-transmitting regions can have higher light-transmissivity than the electrically conductive regions.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of suppressing a pattern memory. Specifically, an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support; an undercoat layer formed on the support; and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polymerization product of a composition containing: an electron-transporting substance represented by the formula (1); and a crosslinking agent, and wherein the crosslinking agent has a functional group capable of being bonded to at least one polymerizable functional group of the electron-transporting substance.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of suppressing a pattern memory. Specifically, an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support; an undercoat layer formed on the support; and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polymerization product of a composition containing: an electron-transporting substance represented by the formula (1); and a crosslinking agent, and wherein the crosslinking agent has a functional group capable of being bonded to at least one polymerizable functional group of the electron-transporting substance.

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.