A toner having a toner particle containing a binder resin, an amorphous polyester, and a colorant, wherein a softening point of the toner is at least 110° C. and not more than 140° C.; an integrated value f1 for stress of the toner is not more than 10 g.Math.m/sec, as measured using a tack tester, with a temperature for a probe end being 150° C. and a press holding time being 0.01 seconds; and an integrated value f2 for stress of the toner is at least 30 g.Math.m/sec, as measured using a tack tester, with a temperature for a probe end being 150° C. and a press holding time being 0.1 seconds.

An electroluminescent cell can comprise a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electroluminescent layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode can comprise a light-transmitting electrode layer that can comprise electrically conductive regions interspersed by light-transmitting regions. The light-transmitting regions can have higher light-transmissivity than the electrically conductive regions.

An electroluminescent cell can comprise a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electroluminescent layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode can comprise a light-transmitting electrode layer that can comprise electrically conductive regions interspersed by light-transmitting regions. The light-transmitting regions can have higher light-transmissivity than the electrically conductive regions.

There is provided an electrostatic image-developing toner containing a binder resin, a coloring agent and a release agent having a melting temperature of 85° C. to 120° C., the toner having a sea-island structure involving a sea part containing the binder resin and an island part containing the release agent, wherein a mode value of the distribution of the eccentricity degree B of the release agent-containing island part, represented by the specific formula, is from 0.75 to 1.00 and a skewness of the distribution of the eccentricity degree B is from −1.30 to −0.50.

Provided is a positive-charging toner having a toner particle that contains a binder resin, the binder resin contains a polymer A having a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer, and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer, the first polymerizable monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid esters having a C18 to C36 alkyl group, the content of the first monomer unit in the polymer A is 5.0 to 60.0 mol % and the content of the second monomer unit is 20.0 to 95.0 mol %, SP.sub.11 of the first monomer unit and SP.sub.21 of the second monomer unit satisfy 3.00≤(SP.sub.21−SP.sub.11)≤25.00, and the work function of the toner is 5.0 to 5.4 V.

A toner having a toner particle which contains a binder resin, a fatty acid metal salt, and a resin having an ionic functional group, in which the fatty acid metal salt is a fatty acid metal salt of a polyvalent metal with valency of 2 or higher and a fatty acid with carbon atom number of at least 8 and not more than 28, and the acid dissociation constant pKa of the resin having an ionic functional group is at least 6.0 and not more than 9.0.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, in which the charge transport layer contains at least one resin selected from a polyester resin or a polycarbonate resin, and in a case where a Martens hardness and an indentation hardness, which are acquired by an indentation test performed on the charge transport layer to a depth of 0.5 μm, are respectively defined as HM (N/mm.sup.2) and nIT (N/mm.sup.2), Relational Equation (0) is satisfied, an elastic deformation modulus is 45% or greater and 70% or less, and a tensile elastic modulus of the charge transport layer is 2,300 MPa or greater and 5,000 MPa or less,

nIT=a×HM−b(a=2±0.2,b=100±20).  (0)

An image forming method includes: forming a toner image on a print medium by using a toner including toner particles having a binder resin which contains a condensate of straight-chain diol having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A and polyvalent carboxylic acid; and applying, to the toner image, a fixing solution containing an ester-based softening agent having a boiling point of not less than 180° C. so as to fix the toner image to the print medium.

Provided is a toner has a toner particle containing a binder resin and is characterized in that the binder resin contains a polymer A, which is a polymer of a composition containing a first polymerizable monomer, a second polymerizable monomer and a crosslinking agent, the first polymerizable monomer is at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid esters having an alkyl group with 18 to 36 carbon atoms, the crosslinking agent has two or more polymerizable double bonds, a content of the first polymerizable monomer in the composition is 5.0 to 60.0 mol %, a content of the second polymerizable monomer is 20.0 to 95.0 mol %, and when the SP values of the first polymerizable monomer, the second polymerizable monomer and the crosslinking agent are denoted by SP.sub.12, SP.sub.22 and SP.sub.C2, respectively, the formulae 0.60≤(SP.sub.22−SP.sub.12)≤15.00 and SP.sub.12<SP.sub.C2<(SP.sub.22+3.00) are satisfied.

A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin, the storage elastic modulus Gt′ (150) of the toner at 150° C. is at least 1.0×10.sup.4 Pa, the binder resin contains a polymer A having a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer different from the first polymerizable monomer, the first polymerizable monomer is selected from specific (meth)acrylic acid esters, the contents of the first monomer unit and second monomer unit in the polymer A are within specific ranges, and the SP values of the first monomer unit and second monomer unit are within specific ranges.