A toner comprising a toner particle and an external additive, wherein the toner particle comprises a core comprising a resin A and a shell comprising a resin B on the surface of the core, the external additive comprises a hydrotalcite particle A, fluorine and aluminum are present in an inner part of the hydrotalcite particle A in line analysis in STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, and a concentration ratio of the number of fluorine atoms relative to aluminum atoms (F/Al) in the hydrotalcite particle A, as determined by primary component mapping of the hydrotalcite particle A in the STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, is 0.01 to 0.60.

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin, a fatty acid metal salt particle on a surface of the toner particle, and a hydrotalcite particle on a surface of the toner particle, wherein the hydrotalcite particle comprises fluorine, the fluorine is present inside the hydrotalcite particle in line analysis of STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, and when an area ratio of the fatty acid metal salt particle to the toner particle in an EDS measurement field, which is measured through the STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, is defined as Si (%) and an area ratio of the hydrotalcite particle to the toner particle in the EDS measurement field, which is measured through the STEM-EDS mapping analysis of the toner, is defined as H1 (%), S1/H1 is 0.25 to 9.00.

A developing apparatus comprising a toner and a toner bearing member for bearing the toner, wherein the volume resistivity of the toner is from 1.0×10.sup.10 Ω.Math.cm to 1.0×10.sup.14 Ω.Math.cm, a toner bearing member exhibits multiple elementary processes, the volume resistance value Rdr per unit area of the toner bearing member is from 5.0×10.sup.5 Ω/cm.sup.2 to 2.0×10.sup.8 Ω/cm.sup.2, the capacitance Cdr per unit area of the toner bearing member is from 300 pF/cm.sup.2 to 900 pF/cm.sup.2, and the capacitance per unit area and volume resistance value of the toner as converted by a parallel plate capacitor model at a thickness of 1.5 times the weight-average particle diameter of the toner are in specific relationships.

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a core particle comprising a binder resin, and a shell on a surface of the core particle, wherein the shell comprises an oxazoline group and a polyvalent metal, and in an electron image of a cross-section of the toner particle taken with a transmission electron microscope, the polyvalent metal has atomic concentration C(M) of 0.0010 to 0.5000 atomic % as measured by energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the shell.

A toner comprises a toner particle comprising a core particle comprising a resin component, a shell coating the surface of the core particle, and a polyvalent metal. The resin component comprises a polyester resin, and the shell comprises an amino resin; in an electron image of a cross section of the toner acquired using a transmission electron microscope, a polyvalent metal content P(M) obtained by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis at the core/shell interface and in the vicinity of this interface is 0.0010 to 2.00 atomic %; and the surface storage elastic modulus of the toner at a load of 30 μN at 25° C., according to nanoindentation measurement of the toner, is from 6.50 GPa to 12.00 GPa.

An emulsion aggregation toner including a toner particle comprising at least one resin; an optional colorant; an optional wax; and a charge control agent disposed on a surface of the toner particle; the control agent comprising a phenyl based siloxane; and a complex formed from a metal ion donor and at least one of a ligand selected from a member of the group consisting of a polyaromatic acid comprising humic acid, a pyranone based ligand, a furanone based ligand, or a combination thereof.

A toner includes toner base and an external additive containing silica. The toner base includes binder resin, colorant, release agent, and modified layered inorganic mineral that is obtained by modifying, with an organic ion, part of ions between layers in layered inorganic mineral. An amount of the modified layered inorganic mineral is 0.1 parts by mass or more and less than 1.4 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the toner. Liberation ratio A (% by mass) of silica from the toner satisfies relation (1): 0.5≤A≤1.0. The binder resin includes a component insoluble in THF and a component soluble in THF. The component insoluble in THF has two glass transition temperatures of Tga1st and Tgb1st at first temperature rise in DSC. The Tga1st is −40° C. or more and 10° C. or less. The Tgb1st is 45° C. or more and 65° C. or less.

A toner for electrostatic image development includes: toner particles; Si-doped strontium titanate particles; and silica particles. The particle diameter D of at least one peak in a number-based particle size distribution of primary particles of the silica particles is larger than the number-based median diameter D.sub.50 of primary particles of the Si-doped strontium titanate particles.

A toner including a toner particle, wherein the toner particle includes a toner base particle containing a binder resin, and a shell on the surface of the toner base particle; the shell contains a metal compound and an organosilicon polymer; the shell has at least an exposed portion of the metal compound and an exposed portion of the organosilicon polymer, on the surface of the toner particle; and in an analysis of a cross section of the toner particle by TEM-EDX, Ha (nm) and Hb (nm) which are average distances from the interface of the toner base particle and the shell up to the toner particle surface at the exposed portion of the metal compound and at the exposed portion of the organosilicon polymer, respectively, on the toner particle surface, satisfy Expression (1) below:
Hb>Ha+20.0  (1).

An emulsion aggregation toner including a toner particle comprising at least one resin; an optional colorant; an optional wax; and a charge control agent disposed on a surface of the toner particle; the charge control agent comprising a complex formed from a metal ion donor and at least one of a ligand selected from a member of the group consisting of a polyaromatic acid comprising humic acid, a pyranone based ligand, a furanone based ligand, or a combination thereof.