A lighting device comprising a controller arranged to convey a cryptographic message to a load indicative of an instruction for said load to consume an amount of power during a selected time-interval; determine the power consumed during said selected time-interval and determine a condition indicative of an unauthorized load when said determined power is different from one which is expected.

A lighting device comprising a controller arranged to convey a cryptographic message to a load indicative of an instruction for said load to consume an amount of power during a selected time-interval; determine the power consumed during said selected time-interval and determine a condition indicative of an unauthorized load when said determined power is different from one which is expected.

The present disclosure relates to a control circuit of a heating apparatus, including a heating control unit, a heating unit, a main control integrated circuit (IC), and a turn-on/off switching unit. The heating control unit is configured to connect or disconnect a path between an external mains supply and the turn-on/off switching unit. The heating unit is connected to the main control IC or the heating control unit via the turn-on/off switching unit. The main control IC is configured to detect an internal resistance of the heating unit, and to control the heating control unit to be turned off when the detected internal resistance exceeds a preset range, thereby improving the safety.

The present disclosure relates to a control circuit of a heating apparatus, including a heating control unit, a heating unit, a main control integrated circuit (IC), and a turn-on/off switching unit. The heating control unit is configured to connect or disconnect a path between an external mains supply and the turn-on/off switching unit. The heating unit is connected to the main control IC or the heating control unit via the turn-on/off switching unit. The main control IC is configured to detect an internal resistance of the heating unit, and to control the heating control unit to be turned off when the detected internal resistance exceeds a preset range, thereby improving the safety.