A temperature control device (2) comprises a number of active thermal sites (6) disposed at respective locations on a substrate (10), each comprising a heating element (13) for applying a variable amount of heat to a corresponding site of a medium and a thermal insulation layer (16) disposed between the heating element and the substrate. At least one passive thermal region (8) is disposed between the active thermal sites (6) on the substrate (10), each passive thermal region (8) comprising a thermal conduction layer (18) for conducting heat from a corresponding portion of the medium to the substrate (10). The thermal conduction layer (18) has a lower thermal resistance in a direction perpendicular to a plane of the substrate (10) than the thermal insulation layer (16). This enables precise control over both heating and cooling of individual sites in a flowing fluid, for example.

A cloud server (104) receives environmental information of respective installation sites of a plurality of appliances (101a, 101b, 101c, 102a, 102b) via a network (1000), and determines one or more appliances that are installed in a same room among the plurality of appliances (101a, 101b, 101c, 102a, 102b), based on the received environmental information.

A heating station for use with, for example, a high speed parallel manufacturing line for manufacturing insulated glass units, the heating station including at least two opposing infrared heaters that linearly heat spacer material that includes integrated temperature sensitive adhesive. Each of multiple linear infrared heaters includes a respective associated temperature sensor. The infrared heater and temperature sensor are coupled to a spacer heating controller that controls intensity and/or duration of heating of the spacer material and adhesive to provide optimal wetting and adhesive qualities. Individual control of the at least two opposing linear infrared heaters compensates for variable environmental conditions affecting spacer material at different locations around and insulated glass unit.

A thermal management system includes a switching valve that switches between a first mode in which first and second flow paths are separated and a second mode in which parts of the first and second flow paths are connected. In the first mode, a control unit acquires measured values of first and second temperatures in the first and second flow paths and estimated values of the first and second temperatures when the switching valve is not in a slightly open state. The switching valve is in the slightly open state when the measured value of the first temperature is higher than the estimated value of the first temperature by a value greater than a first predetermined threshold and the measured value of the second temperature is lower than the estimated value of the second temperature by a value greater than a second predetermined threshold.

A method of manufacturing an aerosol provision apparatus for heating smokable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokable material, and an aerosol provision apparatus, are described. The method includes providing a heater arrangement for heating smokable material contained in use within the apparatus, the heater arrangement including at least a first heating zone and a second heating zone for heating different portions of the smokable material, providing a temperature sensor for each of the first and second heating zones, each temperature sensor for providing temperature measurements to be used as input temperature measurements for a temperature control loop, the control loop for controlling the heater arrangement to heat its associated respective heating zone to a target temperature based on the input temperature measurements acquired by the associated temperature sensor, and positioning each temperature sensor in its associated heating zone at a respective position selected so that if the heating arrangement were to heat the first and second heating zones so that the temperature sensors measure the same pre-selected target temperature, a temperature gradient across the length of the heating zones between the temperature sensors would be optimized as being substantially flat.

A flow rate component, such as a bypass valve with a motorized actuator, a variable speed circulation pump, or both, is controlled in realtime by an automatic controlled to regulate water flow rate through a swimming pool heater, such as a heat pump, to optimize heat transfer, minimize energy consumption, and improve life spans of components of the swimming pool circulation, filtering and heating system.

A building system operates to receive building data from one or more building data sources associated with the building, wherein at least a portion of the building data is associated with control of the one or more environmental conditions of the building and generate, based on the building data, one or more data quality indicators for the building data received from the one or more building data sources, the one or more data quality indicators indicating quality levels of the building data. The building system operates to generate user interface data configured to cause a user device to display a user interface providing indications of the one or more data quality indicators.

A method of manufacturing an aerosol provision apparatus for heating smokable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokable material, and an aerosol provision apparatus, are described. The method includes providing a heater arrangement for heating smokable material contained in use within the apparatus, the heater arrangement including at least a first heating zone and a second heating zone for heating different portions of the smokable material, providing a temperature sensor for each of the first and second heating zones, each temperature sensor for providing temperature measurements to be used as input temperature measurements for a temperature control loop, the control loop for controlling the heater arrangement to heat its associated respective heating zone to a target temperature based on the input temperature measurements acquired by the associated temperature sensor, and positioning each temperature sensor in its associated heating zone at a respective position selected so that if the heating arrangement were to heat the first and second heating zones so that the temperature sensors measure the same pre-selected target temperature, a temperature gradient across the length of the heating zones between the temperature sensors

would be optimized as being substantially flat.

A building system operates to receive a first building health indicator indicating a health level of the building and a second building health indicator indicating the health level of the building, the first building health indicator generated based on a first methodology defined by a first entity and the second building health indicator generated based on a second methodology defined by a second entity different from the first entity, the first building health indicator and the second building health indicator generated based on building data. The building system operates to generate user interface data configured to cause a user device to display a user interface indicating the first building health indicator and the second building health indicator together on a display of the user device.

A temperature control system includes: first adjusting the temperature of fluid in a first portion the fluid having a first temperature determined based on a second temperature higher than the first temperature or the second temperature; second adjusting the temperature of the fluid supplied to a target at a second portion between the first portion and the target; first detecting the temperature of first fluid supplied from the first to second portion; second detecting the temperature of the fluid or the target at a predetermined position between an outlet of the second portion and an inlet of the first portion; controlling the first adjusting based on the first detected value such that the temperature of the first fluid becomes a first temperature; and controlling the second adjusting based on a the second detected such that the temperature of the fluid becomes a second temperature at the predetermined position.