A battery pack includes: battery cells; and a measurement circuit unit to measure temperature information of the battery cells, the measurement circuit unit including: a first measurement circuit unit including a first type temperature measurement element; and a second measurement circuit unit including a second type temperature measurement element having a different characteristic of a resistance change according to a temperature change from that of the first type temperature measurement element. The first measurement circuit unit and the second measurement circuit unit are on a common base substrate, or on different individual base substrates from each other.

An air conditioner includes: an outdoor unit; a plurality of indoor units respectively including indoor heat exchangers; expansion valves respectively provided to the plurality of indoor units, the expansion valves being configured to adjust flow rates of a refrigerant in the indoor heat exchangers; and a controller for executing a refrigerant amount balance control for adjusting opening degrees of the expansion valves so that operation state amounts, with which the indoor heat exchangers exert heat exchange amounts, of the plurality of indoor units become equal to each other.

An air conditioner includes: an outdoor unit; a plurality of indoor units respectively including indoor heat exchangers; expansion valves respectively provided to the plurality of indoor units, the expansion valves being configured to adjust flow rates of a refrigerant in the indoor heat exchangers; and a controller for executing a refrigerant amount balance control for adjusting opening degrees of the expansion valves so that operation state amounts, with which the indoor heat exchangers exert heat exchange amounts, of the plurality of indoor units become equal to each other.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

The invention discloses a hand warmer step-less regulating circuit, and relates to the field of hand warmer regulating circuits; the hand warmer step-less regulating circuit comprises a comparing chip, pin 2 of the chip is connected with an NTC temperature sensor, the NTC temperature sensor is connected with a power supply VCC through resistor R16, pin 8 of the chip is connected with the power supply VCC, the power supply VCC is connected with light-emitting diode D3, and light-emitting diode D3 and the power supply VCC are connected with resistor R13 in series; pin 5 is connected with an output end of the NTC temperature sensor; by arranging the slide rheostat or an encoder, any temperature in a required area can be reached through heating, and any temperature required by a user can be maintained to realize a better temperature experience.

The invention discloses a hand warmer step-less regulating circuit, and relates to the field of hand warmer regulating circuits; the hand warmer step-less regulating circuit comprises a comparing chip, pin 2 of the chip is connected with an NTC temperature sensor, the NTC temperature sensor is connected with a power supply VCC through resistor R16, pin 8 of the chip is connected with the power supply VCC, the power supply VCC is connected with light-emitting diode D3, and light-emitting diode D3 and the power supply VCC are connected with resistor R13 in series; pin 5 is connected with an output end of the NTC temperature sensor; by arranging the slide rheostat or an encoder, any temperature in a required area can be reached through heating, and any temperature required by a user can be maintained to realize a better temperature experience.

A chemical mechanical polishing apparatus includes a platen to hold a polishing pad, a carrier to hold a substrate against a polishing surface of the polishing pad during a polishing process, a dispenser to supply a polishing liquid to the polishing surface, and a temperature control system including a body configured to contact the polishing surface or the polishing liquid on the polishing surface. The body supports a thermal control module positioned over the polishing pad.

Systems and methods for controlling a heating Technologies for controlling a heating unit are disclosed. In embodiments, the systems and methods determine a heating unit target temperature based at least in part on a duty cycle of at least one thermostat. The systems and methods may then determine a simulated outdoor temperature corresponding to the heating unit target temperature, and a resistance value corresponding to the simulated outdoor temperature. The systems and methods may then cause a resistance signal including or indicative of the resistance value to be provided to an outdoor temperature input for the heating unit, e.g., to cause the heating unit to modulate to the heating unit target temperature.

Systems and methods for controlling a heating Technologies for controlling a heating unit are disclosed. In embodiments, the systems and methods determine a heating unit target temperature based at least in part on a duty cycle of at least one thermostat. The systems and methods may then determine a simulated outdoor temperature corresponding to the heating unit target temperature, and a resistance value corresponding to the simulated outdoor temperature. The systems and methods may then cause a resistance signal including or indicative of the resistance value to be provided to an outdoor temperature input for the heating unit, e.g., to cause the heating unit to modulate to the heating unit target temperature.

A three-dimensional heating atomization device includes a shell, a heating element, a first thermo-electrode lead and a second thermo-electrode lead, wherein a heating chamber is arranged in the shell, one end of the first thermo-electrode lead is connected with one end of the heating element, and one end of the second thermo-electrode lead is connected with the other end of the heating element, so that a bottom surface and a side surface of the heating chamber are both heated by one heating member, and three-dimensional heating is more uniform and efficient, thus being beneficial for improving an atomization effect. Moreover, the first thermo-electrode lead and the second thermo-electrode lead not only can be used for supplying electric energy to the heating element to heat the heating chamber, but also can form a thermocouple by using the first thermo-electrode lead and the second thermo-electrode lead, so that a temperature of the heating element is detected by the thermocouple to realize a temperature control function of the heating element, thus avoiding use of a temperature measurement accessory such as a temperature sensor, simplifying an internal structure of an atomizer product, reducing accessories needed by the whole product, and allowing assembly and use to be more convenient and efficient.