Aspects of managing defragmentation in a data storage system comprising one or more storage apparatuses and a file system server connected to the one or more storage apparatuses and to one or more host computers are described, comprising: providing free space allocation information; allocating, in response to receiving an update request to update data stored in one or more first storage units of a plurality of storage units, one or more second storage units of the plurality of storage units indicated to be free based on the provided free space allocation information for writing update data of the update request, controlling writing update data to the allocated one or more second storage units, and controlling swapping logical addresses associated with the one or more second storage units with respective logical addresses associated with the one or more first storage units.

Methods and systems are disclosed for optimizing record placement in a graph by minimizing fragmentation when writing data. Issues with fragmented data within a graph database are addressed on the record level by placing data that is frequently accessed together contiguously within memory. For example, a dynamic rule set may be developed based on dynamically analyzing access patterns of the graph database, policies, system characteristics and/or other heuristics. Based on statistics regarding normal query patterns, the systems and methods may identify an optimal position for certain types of edges that are often traversed with respect to particular types of nodes.

A storage system includes a host including a processor and a storage device including a controller and a flash memory unit. The host is configured to read physically fragmented data of a file stored in one or more physical storage regions of the flash memory unit and write the data continuously into other one or more physical regions of the flash memory unit, such that the data are physically defragmented.

A method of determining causes of external fragmentation in a memory. The method includes collecting information associated with release of an area of the memory by an application, storing the information in the area of the memory, and analyzing the information to determine why the area of the memory has not been reallocated to any application. In embodiments wherein a first portion of an area of a memory is allocated to an application by an allocator and a second portion of the area of the memory is released by the allocator, the method includes storing in the second portion of the area of the memory an indicator indicating that the second portion is a remaining portion, colleting information associated with release of the second portion, storing the information in the second portion, and analyzing the information to determine why the second portion is not reallocated to any application.

A method of operating a memory comprises reading a first node including first data and a first link; writing the first data to a data collecting area; updating a first collecting link of the first data, which is written in the data collecting area to a position in the data collecting area; reading a second node corresponding to the first link, the second node including second data and a second link; and writing the second data to a position in the data collecting area, which is designated by the first collecting link.

Methods and systems are presented for providing data consistency in a distributed data storage system using an eventual consistency model. The distributed data storage system may store data across multiple data servers. To process a request for writing a first data value for a data field, a first data server may generate, for the first data value, a first causality chain representing a data replacement history for the data field leading to the first data value. The first data server may insert the first data value without deleting pre-existing data values from the data field. To process a data read request, multiple data values corresponding to the data field may be retrieved. The first data server may then select one data value based on the causality chains associated with the multiple data values for responding to the data read request.

A mechanism is described for facilitating localized load-balancing for processors in computing devices. A method of embodiments, as described herein, includes facilitating hosting, at a processor of a computing device, a local load-balancing mechanism. The method may further include monitoring balancing of loads at the processor and serving as a local scheduler to maintain de-centralized load-balancing at the processor and between the processor and other one or more processors.

Methods and systems are disclosed for optimizing record placement in a graph by minimizing fragmentation when writing data. Issues with fragmented data within a graph database are addressed on the record level by placing data that is frequently accessed together contiguously within memory. For example, a dynamic rule set may be developed based on dynamically analyzing access patterns of the graph database, policies, system characteristics and/or other heuristics. Based on statistics regarding normal query patterns, the systems and methods may identify an optimal position for certain types of edges that are often traversed with respect to particular types of nodes.

A method of operating a memory comprises reading a first node including first data and a first link; writing the first data to a data collecting area; updating a first collecting link of the first data, which is written in the data collecting area to a position in the data collecting area; reading a second node corresponding to the first link, the second node including second data and a second link; and writing the second data to a position in the data collecting area, which is designated by the first collecting link.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for managing files stored in a storage medium. The method may include obtaining file information of a file stored in the storage medium, wherein the file includes at least two data fragments, each two of the at least two data fragments are stored separately in two discontinuous storage units in the storage medium. The method may also include determining a first parameter of the file according to the file information, wherein the first parameter represents an integrity of the at least two data fragments in the storage medium. The method may further include determining whether the first parameter is equal to or smaller than a preset threshold. The method may still further include defragmenting the at least two data fragments in the storage medium if the first parameter is equal to or smaller than the preset threshold.