The invention provides methods for computing with chemicals by encoding digital data into a plurality of chemicals to obtain a dataset; translating the dataset into a chemical form; reading the data set; querying the dataset by performing an operation to obtain a perceptron; and analyzing the perceptron for identifying chemical structure and/or concentration of at least one of the chemicals, thereby developing a chemical computational language. The invention demonstrates a workflow for representing abstract data in synthetic metabolomes. Also presented are several demonstrations of kilobyte-scale image data sets stored in synthetic metabolomes, recovered at >99% accuracy.

Molecular computer techniques for solving a computational problem using an array of reaction sites, for example, droplets, are disclosed. The problem may be represented as a Hamiltonian in terms of problem variables and problem parameters. The reaction sites may have a physicochemical property mapping to discrete site states corresponding to possible values of the problem variables. In a purely molecular approach, the reaction sites have intra-site and inter-site couplings enforced thereon representing the problem parameters, and the array is allowed to evolve, subjected to the enforced couplings, to a final configuration conveying a solution to the problem. In a hybrid classical-molecular approach, an iterative procedure may be performed that involves feeding read-out site states into a digital computer, determining, based on the problem parameters, perturbations to be applied to the states, and allowing the array to evolve under the perturbations to a final configuration conveying a solution to the problem.

A method, system and computer-readable storage medium for performing a cognitive information processing operation. The cognitive information processing operation includes: receiving data from a plurality of data sources; processing the data from the plurality of data sources to provide cognitively processed insights via an augmented intelligence system, the augmented intelligence system executing on a hardware processor of an information processing system, the augmented intelligence system and the information processing system providing a cognitive computing function; performing a robustness assessment operation, the robustness assessment operation assessing robustness of the cognitive computing function, the robustness assessment operation generating a robustness score representing robustness of the cognitive computing function; and, providing the cognitively processed insights to a destination, the destination comprising a cognitive application, the cognitive application enabling a user to interact with the cognitive insights.

A computer optimizes transport of a set of ingredients between a plurality of sources, at least one terminal, and a plurality of pools, described by an objective function, a set of variables, and a set of constraints, by: (A) transforming the objective function, variables, and constraints into a binary cost function, including: discretizing the set of variables into a set of a binary variables; transforming the objective function into a binary cost function of the set of binary variables; and adding, for each constraint in the set of constraints, one or more terms to the binary cost function, to create a completed cost function; and (B) providing the completed cost function to a solver to obtain a solution or approximate solution representing a flow of the set of ingredients between the plurality of sources, the plurality of pools, and the at least one terminal.

A method, system and computer-readable storage medium for performing a counterfactual generation operation. The counterfactual generation operation includes: receiving a subject data point; classifying the data point via a trained classifier, the classifying providing a classified data point; identifying a counterfactual using the classified data point, the counterfactual comprising another datapoint, the another data point being close to the subject data point, the another data point resulting in production of a different outcome when provided to a model when compared to an outcome resulting from the subject data point being provided to the model; and, providing the counterfactual to a destination.

Among the embodiments disclosed herein are variants of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm with different parametrization. In particular embodiments, a different objective is used: rather than looking for a state which approximately solves an optimization problem, embodiments of the disclosed technology find a quantum algorithm that will produce a state with high overlap with the optimal state (given an instance, for example, of MAX-2-SAT). In certain embodiments, a machine learning approach is used in which a “training set” of problems is selected and the parameters optimized to produce large overlap for this training set. The problem was then tested on a larger problem set. When tested on the full set, the parameters that were found produced significantly larger overlap than optimized annealing times. Testing on other random instances (e.g., from 20 to 28 bits) continued to show improvement over annealing, with the improvement being most notable on the hardest problems. Embodiments of the disclosed technology can be used, for example, for near-term quantum computers with limited coherence times.

A method, system and computer-readable storage medium for performing a cognitive information processing operation. The cognitive information processing operation includes: receiving data from a plurality of data sources; processing the data from the plurality of data sources to provide cognitively processed insights via an augmented intelligence system, the augmented intelligence system executing on a hardware processor of an information processing system, the augmented intelligence system and the information processing system providing a cognitive computing function; performing an impartiality assessment operation via an impartiality assessment engine, the impartiality assessment operation detecting a presence of bias in an outcome of the cognitive computing function, the impartiality assessment operation generating a burden score representing the presence of bias in the outcome; and, providing the cognitively processed insights to a destination, the destination comprising a cognitive application, the cognitive application enabling a user to interact with the cognitive insights.

The invention provides a chemical computer having a matrix, an input device and an analytical device. The matrix is a plurality of interconnected reaction spaces holding a reaction mixture; the input device is provided to independently address each of a plurality of reaction spaces within the matrix; and the analytical device has a sensor to analyse a reaction characteristic of a reaction mixture in one or more reaction spaces. Also provides are methods for using the chemical computer, and the use of the chemical computer as a logic gate.

A method, system and computer-readable storage medium for performing a cognitive information processing operation. The cognitive information processing operation includes: receiving data from a plurality of data sources; processing the data from the plurality of data sources to provide cognitively processed insights via an augmented intelligence system, the augmented intelligence system executing on a hardware processor of an information processing system, the augmented intelligence system and the information processing system providing a cognitive computing function; performing an explainability with recourse operation, the explainability with recourse operation providing an assurance explanation regarding the cognitive computing function; and, providing the cognitively processed insights to a destination, the destination comprising a cognitive application, the cognitive application enabling a user to interact with the cognitive insights.

The invention provides methods for computing with chemicals by encoding digital data into a plurality of chemicals to obtain a dataset; translating the dataset into a chemical form; reading the data set; querying the dataset by performing an operation to obtain a perceptron; and analyzing the perceptron for identifying chemical structure and/or concentration of at least one of the chemicals, thereby developing a chemical computational language. The invention demonstrates a workflow for representing abstract data in synthetic metabolomes. Also presented are several demonstrations of kilobyte-scale image data sets stored in synthetic metabolomes, recovered at >99% accuracy.