Manufacturing a counterfeit resistant document as a randomized assembly of material constituents with a large variety of electrical conductivity attributes, thereby achieving a unique set of physically measured properties of the document, so that a document verifier will be convinced of the authenticity of the document by comparing the results of real time measurements with measurements pre-recorded in a public ledger.

Manufacturing a counterfeit resistant document as a randomized assembly of material constituents with a large variety of electrical conductivity attributes, thereby achieving a unique set of physically measured properties of the document, so that a document verifier will be convinced of the authenticity of the document by comparing the results of real time measurements with measurements pre-recorded in a public ledger.

An automated teller machine can use an array of pressure sensors, such as piezo-resistive sensors, to detect the presence of foreign objects, such as staples, paper clips, or rubber bands, in a stack of banknotes. A user can insert a stack of banknotes into an automated teller machine. A pair of opposing clamping surfaces can apply pressure to the stack of banknotes. An array of pressure sensors can sense non-uniformities in pressure over the area of the array. If circuitry coupled to the pressures sensors senses a presence of a high pressure area in the surface area of the banknotes, then the circuitry can generate a signal indicating that one or more foreign objects has been detected. The automated teller machine can then prompt the user to remove the stack of banknotes and remove the foreign object from the stack of banknotes.

An automated teller machine can use an array of pressure sensors, such as piezo-resistive sensors, to detect the presence of foreign objects, such as staples, paper clips, or rubber bands, in a stack of banknotes. A user can insert a stack of banknotes into an automated teller machine. A pair of opposing clamping surfaces can apply pressure to the stack of banknotes. An array of pressure sensors can sense non-uniformities in pressure over the area of the array. If circuitry coupled to the pressures sensors senses a presence of a high pressure area in the surface area of the banknotes, then the circuitry can generate a signal indicating that one or more foreign objects has been detected. The automated teller machine can then prompt the user to remove the stack of banknotes and remove the foreign object from the stack of banknotes.

A label adapted to be attached to an item and a system for validating a label are provided. The label contains an identifying portion of a circuit path extending between at least a pair of contact points in which the identifying portion of the circuit path includes a segment containing graphene. The system can include this label and a validating device. The validating device includes a testing portion of the circuit path adapted to contact the at least the pair of contact points of the identifying portion of the circuit path in the label to thereby complete the circuit path. The testing portion of the validation device is configured to internally process and validate the label in the validating device.