Aspects of this disclosure concern controllers and control methods for applying a drive voltage to bus bars of optically switchable devices such as electrochromic devices. Such devices are often provided on windows such as architectural glass. In certain embodiments, the applied drive voltage is controlled in a manner that efficiently drives an optical transition over the entire surface of the electrochromic device. The drive voltage is controlled to account for differences in effective voltage experienced in regions between the bus bars and regions proximate the bus bars. Regions near the bus bars experience the highest effective voltage.

Aspects of this disclosure concern controllers and control methods for applying a drive voltage to bus bars of optically switchable devices such as electrochromic devices. Such devices are often provided on windows such as architectural glass. In certain embodiments, the applied drive voltage is controlled in a manner that efficiently drives an optical transition over the entire surface of the electrochromic device. The drive voltage is controlled to account for differences in effective voltage experienced in regions between the bus bars and regions proximate the bus bars. Regions near the bus bars experience the highest effective voltage.

The present disclosure describes one or more communities of components (e.g., comprising one or more sensors and/or transceivers) that are configured to automatically locate and/or self-locate their members. The community of components includes a plurality of stationary components, and may include at least one transitory component.

According to one embodiment, a color changing display includes a housing, a cover cooperatively coupled to the housing, a light panel, and a color display panel. The light panel and the color display panel are positioned between the housing and the cover. The light panel and the colored display panel are each selectively activated to operate in at least one of: a reflective mode, a transmissive mode, and a transflective mode.

According to one embodiment, a color changing display includes a housing, a cover cooperatively coupled to the housing, a light panel, and a color display panel. The light panel and the color display panel are positioned between the housing and the cover. The light panel and the colored display panel are each selectively activated to operate in at least one of: a reflective mode, a transmissive mode, and a transflective mode.

An electrochromic element, includes: a pair of electrodes (3, 5); and an electrochromic layer (7) disposed between the pair of electrodes (3, 5), the electrochromic element being controlled in transmittance by pulse width modulation, in which: the electrochromic layer (7) contains at least one of two or more kinds of anode electrochromic materials, or two or more kinds of cathode electrochromic materials; and all of one of the anode electrochromic materials and the cathode electrochromic materials have an equal molecular length, or have a molecular length ratio of (large molecular length)/(small molecular length) of 1.4 or less, the electrochromic element being such that even when a driving environment temperature changes, its gradation can be controlled under a state in which its absorption spectrum is retained.

A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer and a first current modulating structure on a surface thereof, the first current modulating structure comprising a composite of a resistive material and a patterned insulating material, the first current modulating structure having a cross-layer resistance to the flow of electrical current through the first current modulating structure that varies as a function of position.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a heads-up display (HUD) system. The HUD system may include a transparent support structure, an electrochromic element, and a HUD controller. The electrochromic element may be affixed to a surface of a transparent material. The HUD controller may be electrically coupled to the electrochromic element and configured to control translucence of the electrochromic element via control signals.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a heads-up display (HUD) system. The HUD system may include a transparent support structure, an electrochromic element, and a HUD controller. The electrochromic element may be affixed to a surface of a transparent material. The HUD controller may be electrically coupled to the electrochromic element and configured to control translucence of the electrochromic element via control signals.

A display device according to an embodiment can include a display panel including a plurality of pixels in a matrix form and having a first pixel and a second pixel adjacent to each other among the plurality of pixels to form a group pixel, a barrier layer disposed on the display panel and including an opening portion disposed in some area of the group pixel for transmitting light and an electrochromic element positioned in a remaining area of the group pixel, and a driver configured to selectively drive a wide viewing angle mode and a narrow viewing angle mode by controlling a signal applied to the display panel and the barrier layer.