Fertilizers and fertilizer additive compositions and methods are provided. The compositions and methods comprise utilizing by-products from the manufacture of biodiesel and/or fatty alkyl esters, wherein the by-product comprises glycerin, mong, moisture, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acid salts, methyl esters, ethyl esters and combinations thereof.

Fertilizers and fertilizer additive compositions and methods are provided. The compositions and methods comprise utilizing by-products from the manufacture of biodiesel and/or fatty alkyl esters, wherein the by-product comprises glycerin, mong, moisture, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acid salts, methyl esters, ethyl esters and combinations thereof.

A dielectric fluid composition for electrical apparatus comprises a functionalized 12-hydroxy stearic acid having desirable properties including a pour point less than −30° C. and a fire point greater than 250° C. It may be prepared by a process wherein 12-hydroxy methyl stearate is transesterified by reaction with a C3-C20 alcohol to form an alkyl-12-hydroxy stearate, followed by esterification thereof with a linear or branched C4-C20 carboxylic acid. This acid may be a free acid chloride, a fatty acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or combination thereof. The resulting functionalized 12-hydroxy stearic acid exhibits improved thermoxidative capability, low temperature flowability, and increased fire point.

A dielectric fluid composition for electrical apparatus comprises a functionalized 12-hydroxy stearic acid having desirable properties including a pour point less than −30° C. and a fire point greater than 250° C. It may be prepared by a process wherein 12-hydroxy methyl stearate is transesterified by reaction with a C3-C20 alcohol to form an alkyl-12-hydroxy stearate, followed by esterification thereof with a linear or branched C4-C20 carboxylic acid. This acid may be a free acid chloride, a fatty acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or combination thereof. The resulting functionalized 12-hydroxy stearic acid exhibits improved thermoxidative capability, low temperature flowability, and increased fire point.

Energy cable comprising, from the interior to the exterior, an electrical conductor, an inner semiconductive layer, an electrically insulating layer made from a thermoplastic material in admixture with a dielectric fluid, and an outer semiconductive layer, wherein the outer semiconductive layer comprises: (i) from 55 wt % to 90 wt % of a copolymer of ethylene with at least one ester comonomer having an ethylenic unsaturation; (ii) from 10 wt % to 45 wt % of a propylene copolymer with at least one olefin comonomer selected from ethylene and an α-olefin other than propylene, said copolymer having a melting point of from 145° C. to 170° C. and a melting enthalpy of from 40 J/g to 80 J/g; (iii) at least one conductive filler; (iv) at least one dielectric fluid; the amounts of (i) and (ii) being expressed with respect to the total weight of the polymeric components of the layer. The outer semiconductive layer is cold-strippable, having an adhesion with the underlying thermoplastic insulating layer which can be tuned so as to obtain a suitable balance between strippability at a temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 40° C., without applying heat, and stable adhesion with the insulating layer during the cable lifespan.

An electrostatic machine includes a drive electrode and a stator electrode. The drive electrode and the stator electrode are separated by a gap and form a capacitor. The drive electrode is configured to move with respect to the stator electrode. The electrostatic machine further includes a housing configured to enclose the drive electrode and the stator electrode. The stator electrode is fixed to the housing. The electrostatic machine also includes a dielectric fluid that fills a void defined by the housing, the drive electrode, and the stator electrode. The dielectric fluid includes a ketone, malonate, or an oxalate.

An electronic switch for a DC voltage system includes at least two turn-off semiconductor switches, a varistor and a capacitor, and at least two diodes connected in series with opposite polarity. The turn-off semiconductor switches are connected at a connection point in series with opposite polarity between a first connection of the electronic switch and a second connection of the electronic switch. In order to provide improved overvoltage protection, the varistor and the capacitor form a series connection, with one end of the series connection connected to the connection point. A DC voltage system employing the electronic switch and a method for limiting overvoltages in the electronic switch or in a corresponding DC voltage system are also disclosed. Inductive energy of an element connected to the electronic switch is transferred to the capacitor when a limit, defined by the varistor, has been exceeded.

A coaxial cable system includes an electric conductor to conduct electric power in a gas turbine engine. The system also includes a dielectric tape helically wound to contiguously surround the electric conductor and a flexible conduit disposed to surround and contiguously contact the dielectric tape. A dielectric liquid may be impregnated within the dielectric tape, and a flexible protective cover may concentrically disposed to surround the flexible conduit.

Soluble water scavenger molecules for use with dielectric fluids are disclosed. An example dielectric fluid-based composition for reducing water content in a dielectric fluid may include a water-scavenging agent disposed within a dielectric fluid. The example dielectric fluid-based composition may further include the water-scavenging agent being soluble in the dielectric fluid. The example dielectric fluid-based composition may further include the water-scavenging agent being configured to react with water molecules in the dielectric fluid. The example dielectric fluid-based composition may be disposed in an electrical equipment immersed in oil. The electrical equipment may further include at least one solid insulation in operational contact with the dielectric fluid.

Provided is a power cable, and more particularly, to an ultra-high-voltage underground or submarine cable. In detail, the present invention relates to a power cable which is capable of effectively preventing a decrease in dielectric strength due to penetration of copper powder from a copper conductor into an insulating layer, thereby increasing the lifespan thereof, is capable of preventing damage to insulating paper, semiconductor paper, etc. even when repeatedly bent and unfolded, thereby maintaining an interlayer structure formed by winding the insulating paper, the semiconductor paper, etc., and is capable of improving bendability, flexibility, installability, workability, etc.