A surge protection apparatus may include an input terminal; an output terminal, the output terminal electrically coupled to the input terminal; a ground terminal, the ground terminal electrically coupled to the input terminal and output terminal; a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) fuse, the PTC fuse connected in electrical series between the input terminal and output terminal; a crowbar device, the crowbar device electrically connected to the ground terminal and output terminal, wherein the crowbar device is in electrical series with the PTC fuse between the input terminal and ground terminal; and a central frame portion, the central frame portion electrically coupled to the input terminal, output terminal and ground terminal, wherein the crowbar device is disposed on a first side of the central frame portion and the PTC fuse is disposed on a second side of the central frame portion, opposite the first side.

A surge protection apparatus may include an input terminal; an output terminal, the output terminal electrically coupled to the input terminal; a ground terminal, the ground terminal electrically coupled to the input terminal and output terminal; a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) fuse, the PTC fuse connected in electrical series between the input terminal and output terminal; a crowbar device, the crowbar device electrically connected to the ground terminal and output terminal, wherein the crowbar device is in electrical series with the PTC fuse between the input terminal and ground terminal; and a central frame portion, the central frame portion electrically coupled to the input terminal, output terminal and ground terminal, wherein the crowbar device is disposed on a first side of the central frame portion and the PTC fuse is disposed on a second side of the central frame portion, opposite the first side.

A radial-leaded over-current protection device comprises a PTC element, a first electrode lead, a second electrode lead and an electrically insulating encapsulation layer. The PTC element comprises a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer and a PTC material layer laminated therebetween. The PTC material layer comprises crystalline polymer and conductive filler dispersed therein. The first electrode lead has an end connecting to the first conductive layer, whereas the second electrode lead has an end connecting to the second conductive layer. The electrically insulating encapsulation layer includes a fluorine-containing polymer, and wraps around an entire outer surface of the PTC element and the ends of the first and second electrodes connecting to the PTC element. The electrically insulating encapsulation layer has a thickness of 10.sup.2˜10.sup.5 nm, and the radial-leaded over-current protection device has an initial resistance R.sub.bf of 0.0017˜0.0027Ω.

An over-current protection device comprises first and second electrode layers and a PTC material layer laminated therebetween. The PTC material layer comprises a polymer matrix and carbon black. The polymer matrix comprises a fluoropolymer having a melting point higher than 150° C. The carbon black is dispersed in the polymer matrix. A resistance jump R.sub.jump_1000@16V/50A of the over-current protection device at 16V/50 A by 1000 cycles is 0.80-1.20. A resistance jump R.sub.1000@16V/50A of the over-current protection device at 25V/50 A by 1000 cycles is 0.90-1.30.

A surface-mountable over-current protection device comprises at least one PTC material layer, a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, a first electrode, a second electrode, an insulating layer, and a cover layer. The PTC material layer comprises crystalline polymer and conductive fillers dispersed therein. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are disposed on a first surface and a second surface of the PTC material layer, respectively. The first electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected to the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, respectively. The insulating layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode for insulation. The cover layer includes a fluorine-containing polymer, and wraps around an entire outer surface of the surface-mountable over-current protection device.

A temperature sensor provided with: an element that comprises a resistor which has a resistance value that changes with temperature thereof, and a lead wire; a signal wire that is bonded to the lead wire by welding; and a cover that covers the element and a welded part between the lead wire and the signal wire, where the lead wire comprises a material in which oxide particles are dispersed in platinum or platinum alloy; and the welded part has a welded part interface region along an interface with the lead wire or the signal wire, and a welded part main region inside thereof, and a volume ratio of the oxide particles occupying the welded part interface region is larger than a volume ratio of the oxide particles occupying the welded part main region.

The invention relates to a PTC heating element (1). The PTC heating element (1) comprises a block-shaped PTC thermistor (2) having two contact surfaces (4a, 4b) and two electrically conductive contact plates (3a, 3b). The PTC thermistor (2) is arranged between the contact plates (3a, 3b) and facing the contact plates (3a, 3b) with the contact surfaces (4a, 4b). An adhesion-promoting electrically conductive bonding layer (6a, 6b) each is arranged between the contact surface (4a, 4b) and the contact plate (3a, 3b). The PTC thermistor (2) is firmly connected to the respective contact plates (3a, 3b) by means of the respective bonding layers (6a, 6b) and electrically conductively contacted.

The adhesion-promoting electrically conductive bonding layer (6a, 6b) according to the invention comprises silicone or consists thereof.

The invention relates to a PTC heating element (1). The PTC heating element (1) comprises a block-shaped PTC thermistor (2) having two contact surfaces (4a, 4b) and two electrically conductive contact plates (3a, 3b). The PTC thermistor (2) is arranged between the contact plates (3a, 3b) and facing the contact plates (3a, 3b) with the contact surfaces (4a, 4b). An adhesion-promoting electrically conductive bonding layer (6a, 6b) each is arranged between the contact surface (4a, 4b) and the contact plate (3a, 3b). The PTC thermistor (2) is firmly connected to the respective contact plates (3a, 3b) by means of the respective bonding layers (6a, 6b) and electrically conductively contacted.

The adhesion-promoting electrically conductive bonding layer (6a, 6b) according to the invention comprises silicone or consists thereof.

An over-current protection device comprises first and second electrode layers and a PTC material layer laminated therebetween. The PTC material layer comprises a polymer matrix, a conductive ceramic filler, a carbon- containing conductive filler, and an inner filler. The polymer matrix comprises a fluoropolymer having a melting point higher than 150° C. The inner filler is selected from one of aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium oxide, boron nitride, graphene, aluminum oxide, or any mixtures thereof, and comprises 2-10% by volume of the PTC material layer. The over-current protection device is able to mitigate negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior after trip of device, and achieves high hold current and high endurable power.

An over-current protection device comprises first and second electrode layers and a PTC material layer laminated therebetween. The PTC material layer comprises a polymer matrix, a conductive ceramic filler, a carbon- containing conductive filler, and an inner filler. The polymer matrix comprises a fluoropolymer having a melting point higher than 150° C. The inner filler is selected from one of aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium oxide, boron nitride, graphene, aluminum oxide, or any mixtures thereof, and comprises 2-10% by volume of the PTC material layer. The over-current protection device is able to mitigate negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior after trip of device, and achieves high hold current and high endurable power.