In an embodiment, a system is provided that includes an electron gun, a focusing system, and a housing. The electron gun can include a cold cathode electron source and an extraction electrode. The focusing system can be configured to focus a beam of electrons extracted from the electron gun to a focal region. The housing can include the electron gun and extend along a housing axis in the direction of the electron beam. The cold cathode source is configured to emit electrons at a first operating pressure that is higher than a second operating pressure at the focal region of the electron beam.

In an embodiment, a system is provided that includes an electron gun, a focusing system, and a housing. The electron gun can include a cold cathode electron source and an extraction electrode. The focusing system can be configured to focus a beam of electrons extracted from the electron gun to a focal region. The housing can include the electron gun and extend along a housing axis in the direction of the electron beam. The cold cathode source is configured to emit electrons at a first operating pressure that is higher than a second operating pressure at the focal region of the electron beam.

The disclosure relates to an electronic beam machining system. The system includes a vacuum chamber; an electron gun located in the vacuum chamber and used to emit electron beam; a holder located in the vacuum chamber and used to fix an object; a control computer; and a diffraction unit located in the vacuum chamber; the diffraction unit includes a two-dimensional nanomaterial; the electron beam transmits the two-dimensional nanomaterial to form a transmission electron beam and a plurality of diffraction electron beams; the transmission electron beam and the plurality of diffraction electron beams radiate the object to form a transmission spot and a plurality of diffraction spots.

Disclosed is an electron beam emission device comprising a housing which defines a space in which electron beams are accelerated, and has an opening at the other side thereof through which the electron beams are emitted; a cathode which is disposed at one side in the housing, and emits the electrons; an anode which is positioned in the housing so as to be spaced apart from the cathode toward the other side, and accelerates the electrons emitted from the cathode; and an insulation holder which insulates a portion between the cathode and the housing, and fixes the cathode, wherein the cathode has a surface which faces the anode and is formed concavely to have a gradient, and a rim of the surface of the cathode, which has the gradient, is formed to be rounded.

A welding head for a welding apparatus, the head comprising an outer face attachable to a welding device such as an electron beam gun or laser, an inner face sealable to a workpiece, and an outer sealing ring and an inner sealing ring situated within the inner face and disposed on either side of an evacuatable region, wherein the inner face has a teardrop-shaped profile. Outer and inner sealing rings can be inflatable or formed from different materials, the outer sealing ring being formed from a material with a Shore hardness of between 50 to 70 and the inner sealing ring being formed from a material with a Shore hardness of 20 to 40. A bridging seal can extend from within the inner sealing ring to the outer sealing ring.

A welding head for a welding apparatus, the head comprising an outer face attachable to a welding device such as an electron beam gun or laser, an inner face sealable to a workpiece, and an outer sealing ring and an inner sealing ring situated within the inner face and disposed on either side of an evacuatable region, wherein the inner face has a teardrop-shaped profile. Outer and inner sealing rings can be inflatable or formed from different materials, the outer sealing ring being formed from a material with a Shore hardness of between 50 to 70 and the inner sealing ring being formed from a material with a Shore hardness of 20 to 40. A bridging seal can extend from within the inner sealing ring to the outer sealing ring.

There is provided an electron beam emitting assembly (12) comprising a filament element (40; 60) and a cathode element (42; 62), wherein the filament element (40; 60) is in direct physical contact with the cathode element (42; 62). The filament element (40; 60) is heatable to a temperature around the electron emission temperature of the cathode element (42; 62). The filament element is resistively heatable or inductively heatable. Also provided is a method of generating an electron beam comprising positioning a filament element and a cathode element in direct physical contact, and heating the filament element to a temperature around the electron emission temperature of the cathode element so as to cause the cathode element to emit electrons.

An electron beam 3D printing machine, comprising a chamber for generating and accelerating an electron beam and an operating chamber in which a metal powder is melted, with the consequent production of a three-dimensional product. The chamber for generating and accelerating an electron beam houses means for generating an electron beam and means for accelerating the generated electron beam, while the operating chamber houses at least one platform for depositing the metal powder, metal powder handling means and electron beam deflection means. The accelerator means for the generated electron beam comprise a series of resonant cavities fed with an alternating signal.

An electron beam 3D printing machine, comprising a chamber for generating and accelerating an electron beam and an operating chamber in which a metal powder is melted, with the consequent production of a three-dimensional product. The chamber for generating and accelerating an electron beam houses means for generating an electron beam and means for accelerating the generated electron beam, while the operating chamber houses at least one platform for depositing the metal powder, metal powder handling means and electron beam deflection means. The accelerator means for the generated electron beam comprise a series of resonant cavities fed with an alternating signal.

An integrated circuit package includes a first conductive element that is fabricated as part of the integrated circuit package and a micro-wire having a first end coupled to the first conductive element. The micro-wire has been fabricated ex-situ and is of a metal having a diameter of 10 microns or less.