Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

The disclosure includes an outer electrode and an inner electrode. The outer electrode defines an inner volume and is configured to receive injected electrons through at least one aperture. The inner electrode positioned in the inner volume. The outer electrode and inner electrode are configured to confine the received electrons in orbits around the inner electrode in response to an electric potential between the outer electrode and the inner electrode. The apparatus does not include a component configured to generate an electron-confining magnetic field.

The disclosure includes an outer electrode and an inner electrode. The outer electrode defines an inner volume and is configured to receive injected electrons through at least one aperture. The inner electrode positioned in the inner volume. The outer electrode and inner electrode are configured to confine the received electrons in orbits around the inner electrode in response to an electric potential between the outer electrode and the inner electrode. The apparatus does not include a component configured to generate an electron-confining magnetic field.

Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

A system of measuring and correcting for distortions in homodyne systems and a method for operating a data processing system to provide an estimate of distortions in homodyne systems are disclosed. The method for operating a data processing system to provide an estimate of a distortion introduced by a homodyne system when the homodyne system processes a time a multi-tone time domain input signal, x(t), to obtain a time domain output signal, y(t) includes receiving a frequency spectrum, X(f), of the multi-tone time domain input signal, x(t) and measuring an output frequency spectrum, Y(f), when the homodyne system operates on x(t). A plurality of parameters of a model that represents a linear frequency response of the homodyne system when operating on X(f) to arrive at Y(f) by fitting the model to Y(f) and X(f) is determined, and the model is applied to X(f) and Y(f) to estimate the distortions.

A system of measuring and correcting for distortions in homodyne systems and a method for operating a data processing system to provide an estimate of distortions in homodyne systems are disclosed. The method for operating a data processing system to provide an estimate of a distortion introduced by a homodyne system when the homodyne system processes a time a multi-tone time domain input signal, x(t), to obtain a time domain output signal, y(t) includes receiving a frequency spectrum, X(f), of the multi-tone time domain input signal, x(t) and measuring an output frequency spectrum, Y(f), when the homodyne system operates on x(t). A plurality of parameters of a model that represents a linear frequency response of the homodyne system when operating on X(f) to arrive at Y(f) by fitting the model to Y(f) and X(f) is determined, and the model is applied to X(f) and Y(f) to estimate the distortions.

The disclosure includes an ionization chamber, a first electron multiplier, and a second electron multiplier. The ionization chamber is configured to receive gas molecules from an environment at a pressure. The first electron multiplier is configured to receive a plurality of photons from a photon source, generate a first plurality of electrons from the plurality of photons, and discharge the first plurality of electrons into the ionization chamber to generate a plurality of gas ions from at least a portion of the gas molecules. The second electron multiplier is configured to receive the plurality of gas ions from the ionization chamber and generate a second plurality of electrons from the plurality of gas ions that is proportional to a quantity of the plurality of gas ions. A quantity of electrons of the second plurality of electrons is indicative of the pressure.