Scientific analytical equipment including apparatus and methods for detecting and quantitating particles, and particularly ions generated in the course of mass spectroscopy. In one version, a particle detection apparatus includes electron emissive surfaces which emit secondary electrons in response to impact with a particle, the apparatus maintaining spatial separation between: (i) secondary electrons emitted as a result of the impact of a first particle in a first region of the electron emissive surface; and (ii) secondary electrons emitted as a result of the impact of a second particle in a second region of the electron emissive surface.

Scientific analytical equipment including apparatus and methods for detecting and quantitating particles, and particularly ions generated in the course of mass spectroscopy. In one version, a particle detection apparatus includes electron emissive surfaces which emit secondary electrons in response to impact with a particle, the apparatus maintaining spatial separation between: (i) secondary electrons emitted as a result of the impact of a first particle in a first region of the electron emissive surface; and (ii) secondary electrons emitted as a result of the impact of a second particle in a second region of the electron emissive surface.

A magnetic photomultiplier tube (PMT) system, including a PMT. The PMT including a photocathode for converting an impinging photon to a photoelectron, an anode, and at least two or a series of oppositely facing pairs of dynodes, wherein each pair is spaced apart from an adjacent pair, a first electric field being generated intermediate at least one pair of oppositely facing dynodes and a second electric field generated intermediate at least one adjacent pairs of dynodes. The PMT system includes a magnetic field generated by a magnetic system, the PMT being positioned within the magnetic field.

A magnetic photomultiplier tube (PMT) system, including a PMT. The PMT including a photocathode for converting an impinging photon to a photoelectron, an anode, and at least two or a series of oppositely facing pairs of dynodes, wherein each pair is spaced apart from an adjacent pair, a first electric field being generated intermediate at least one pair of oppositely facing dynodes and a second electric field generated intermediate at least one adjacent pairs of dynodes. The PMT system includes a magnetic field generated by a magnetic system, the PMT being positioned within the magnetic field.

A magnetic photomultiplier tube (PMT) system, comprising a PMT. The PMT comprising a photocathode for converting an impinging photon to a photoelectron, an anode, and at least two or a series of oppositely facing pairs of dynodes, wherein each pair is spaced apart from an adjacent pair, a first electric field being generated intermediate at least one pair of oppositely facing dynodes and a second electric field generated intermediate at least one adjacent pairs of dynodes. The PMT system comprises a magnetic field generated by a magnetic system, the PMT being positioned within the magnetic field.

A magnetic photomultiplier tube (PMT) system, comprising a PMT. The PMT comprising a photocathode for converting an impinging photon to a photoelectron, an anode, and at least two or a series of oppositely facing pairs of dynodes, wherein each pair is spaced apart from an adjacent pair, a first electric field being generated intermediate at least one pair of oppositely facing dynodes and a second electric field generated intermediate at least one adjacent pairs of dynodes. The PMT system comprises a magnetic field generated by a magnetic system, the PMT being positioned within the magnetic field.

An apparatus for generating and focusing electrons is provided. The apparatus has an emissive material configured to emit an electron, an electron target, and an electrical potential gradient generator configured to generate an electrical potential gradient within the emissive material. The electrical potential gradient is oriented so as to vary from positive to negative in the general direction toward the electron target. In operation, an electron emitted from the emissive materials is deflected away from the emissive material and generally toward the electron target. The apparatus may be incorporated in scientific analytical equipment such as an electron multiplier.

An apparatus for generating and focusing electrons is provided. The apparatus has an emissive material configured to emit an electron, an electron target, and an electrical potential gradient generator configured to generate an electrical potential gradient within the emissive material. The electrical potential gradient is oriented so as to vary from positive to negative in the general direction toward the electron target. In operation, an electron emitted from the emissive materials is deflected away from the emissive material and generally toward the electron target. The apparatus may be incorporated in scientific analytical equipment such as an electron multiplier.

An apparatus for generating and focusing electrons is provided. The apparatus has an emissive material configured to emit an electron, an electron target, and an electrical potential gradient generator configured to generate an electrical potential gradient within the emissive material. The electrical potential gradient is oriented so as to vary from positive to negative in the general direction toward the electron target. In operation, an electron emitted from the emissive materials is deflected away from the emissive material and generally toward the electron target. The apparatus may be incorporated in scientific analytical equipment such as an electron multiplier.

An apparatus for generating and focusing electrons is provided. The apparatus has an emissive material configured to emit an electron, an electron target, and an electrical potential gradient generator configured to generate an electrical potential gradient within the emissive material. The electrical potential gradient is oriented so as to vary from positive to negative in the general direction toward the electron target. In operation, an electron emitted from the emissive materials is deflected away from the emissive material and generally toward the electron target. The apparatus may be incorporated in scientific analytical equipment such as an electron multiplier.