A flame detector including an ultraviolet emitter configured to emit ultraviolet light at a strike voltage less than or equal to approximately 230 volts. A method of manufacturing an ultraviolet emitter for use in a flame detector, the ultraviolet emitter including a hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope, the method including: (a) wrapping an envelope exterior surface with a conductive material; (b) performing a first injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a first pressure; (c) applying a voltage bias to the glass envelope; (d) baking the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope at a baking temperature for a baking duration of time; (e) cooling the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope to a desired temperature; and (f) performing a second injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a second pressure.

A flame detector including an ultraviolet emitter configured to emit ultraviolet light at a strike voltage less than or equal to approximately 230 volts. A method of manufacturing an ultraviolet emitter for use in a flame detector, the ultraviolet emitter including a hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope, the method including: (a) wrapping an envelope exterior surface with a conductive material; (b) performing a first injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a first pressure; (c) applying a voltage bias to the glass envelope; (d) baking the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope at a baking temperature for a baking duration of time; (e) cooling the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope to a desired temperature; and (f) performing a second injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a second pressure.

An electric fence monitor is operable to provide an audible and/or visual indicator of an operating condition (i.e., falter no-fault) of an electric fence and electric fence box. The electric fence monitor is operable to remain continuously connected between the electric fence and earth ground during normal operation of the fence. The electric fence monitor includes a gas discharge lamp light source for providing the visual indicator of the operating condition of the electric fence and electric fence box.

An electric fence monitor is operable to provide an audible and/or visual indicator of an operating condition (i.e., falter no-fault) of an electric fence and electric fence box. The electric fence monitor is operable to remain continuously connected between the electric fence and earth ground during normal operation of the fence. The electric fence monitor includes a gas discharge lamp light source for providing the visual indicator of the operating condition of the electric fence and electric fence box.

A curing process of an ultraviolet curable paint by which a paint cured layer can be formed on an object to be processed without needing a long time, and intended color can be obtained of the object to be processed on which the paint cured layer is formed. The curing process of an ultraviolet curable paint is one for curing an ultraviolet curable paint through an ultraviolet irradiation step of irradiating a surface of an object to be processed to which the ultraviolet curable paint is applied with ultraviolet rays from an ultraviolet radiation unit. The ultraviolet curable paint is not sensitive to light of not less than 380 nm in wavelength but sensitive to light of less than 380 nm in wavelength. The ultraviolet radiation unit radiates ultraviolet rays having a peak wavelength within a range of not greater than 350 nm in wavelength.

A curing process of an ultraviolet curable paint by which a paint cured layer can be formed on an object to be processed without needing a long time, and intended color can be obtained of the object to be processed on which the paint cured layer is formed. The curing process of an ultraviolet curable paint is one for curing an ultraviolet curable paint through an ultraviolet irradiation step of irradiating a surface of an object to be processed to which the ultraviolet curable paint is applied with ultraviolet rays from an ultraviolet radiation unit. The ultraviolet curable paint is not sensitive to light of not less than 380 nm in wavelength but sensitive to light of less than 380 nm in wavelength. The ultraviolet radiation unit radiates ultraviolet rays having a peak wavelength within a range of not greater than 350 nm in wavelength.

A transmission window (1) for a VUV gas discharge lamp is defined which comprises a substrate (3) which is transparent to the VUV spectrum and a nanolayer stack (2) provided on the substrate, the nanolayer stack (2) comprising at least one nanolayer and the top layer of the nanolayer stack being electrically conducting. Also, a VUV gas discharge lamp, a photo-ionization device and a photo-ionization detector comprising said transmission window are defined.

A transmission window (1) for a VUV gas discharge lamp is defined which comprises a substrate (3) which is transparent to the VUV spectrum and a nanolayer stack (2) provided on the substrate, the nanolayer stack (2) comprising at least one nanolayer and the top layer of the nanolayer stack being electrically conducting. Also, a VUV gas discharge lamp, a photo-ionization device and a photo-ionization detector comprising said transmission window are defined.

A flame detector including an ultraviolet emitter configured to emit ultraviolet light at a strike voltage less than or equal to approximately 230 volts. A method of manufacturing an ultraviolet emitter for use in a flame detector, the ultraviolet emitter including a hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope, the method including: (a) wrapping an envelope exterior surface with a conductive material; (b) performing a first injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a first pressure; (c) applying a voltage bias to the glass envelope; (d) baking the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope at a baking temperature for a baking duration of time; (e) cooling the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope to a desired temperature; and (f) performing a second injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a second pressure.

A curing process of an ultraviolet curable paint by which a paint cured layer can be formed on an object to be processed without needing a long time, and intended color can be obtained of the object to be processed on which the paint cured layer is formed. The curing process of an ultraviolet curable paint is one for curing an ultraviolet curable paint through an ultraviolet irradiation step of irradiating a surface of an object to be processed to which the ultraviolet curable paint is applied with ultraviolet rays from an ultraviolet radiation unit. The ultraviolet curable paint is not sensitive to light of not less than 380 nm in wavelength but sensitive to light of less than 380 nm in wavelength. The ultraviolet radiation unit radiates ultraviolet rays having a peak wavelength within a range of not greater than 350 nm in wavelength.