In an example, a method of operating an ultraviolet (UV) light source includes providing a supply power to the UV light source, and activating, using the supply power, the UV light source to emit UV light during a series of activation cycles. The method also includes, during at least one activation cycle in the series, sensing the UV light emitted by the UV light source to measure an optical parameter of the UV light. The optical parameter is related to an antimicrobial efficacy of the UV light. The method further includes adjusting, based on the measured optical parameter, an electrical parameter of the supply power to maintain a target antimicrobial efficacy of the UV light over the series of activation cycles.

In an example, a method of operating an ultraviolet (UV) light source includes providing a supply power to the UV light source, and activating, using the supply power, the UV light source to emit UV light during a series of activation cycles. The method also includes, during at least one activation cycle in the series, sensing the UV light emitted by the UV light source to measure an optical parameter of the UV light. The optical parameter is related to an antimicrobial efficacy of the UV light. The method further includes adjusting, based on the measured optical parameter, an electrical parameter of the supply power to maintain a target antimicrobial efficacy of the UV light over the series of activation cycles.

An electric fence monitor is operable to provide an audible and/or visual indicator of an operating condition (i.e., falter no-fault) of an electric fence and electric fence box. The electric fence monitor is operable to remain continuously connected between the electric fence and earth ground during normal operation of the fence. The electric fence monitor includes a gas discharge lamp light source for providing the visual indicator of the operating condition of the electric fence and electric fence box.

An electric fence monitor is operable to provide an audible and/or visual indicator of an operating condition (i.e., falter no-fault) of an electric fence and electric fence box. The electric fence monitor is operable to remain continuously connected between the electric fence and earth ground during normal operation of the fence. The electric fence monitor includes a gas discharge lamp light source for providing the visual indicator of the operating condition of the electric fence and electric fence box.

To provide a light irradiation device using a plurality of flash lamps in which a structure that can emit high intensity light as a whole and enables a flash lamp to be used for a practical lifetime without increasing an input current to each lamp is adopted. A light emission surface is provided on a distal end on a second electrode introducing part side of a light-emitting tube of a flash lamp including a first electrode introducing part and the second electrode introducing part, and a plurality of flash lamps are arranged in a standing manner on a top plate of a processing chamber so that the light emission surface faces the inside of the processing chamber.

A method of calibrating a spectrophotometer comprising a flash lamp. The method comprises receiving light from the flash lamp at a monochromator of the spectrometer, wherein the flash lamp is a short arc noble gas flash lamp with transverse or axially aligned electrodes; configuring the monochromator to progressively transmit the received light at each of a plurality wavelengths of a selected range of wavelengths, wherein the range of wavelengths is associated with a wavelength feature according to a known spectral profile of the flash lamp, and wherein the wavelength feature is a self-absorption feature; and determining a spectrum of the flash lamp, wherein the spectrum comprises a corresponding power or intensity value for each of the plurality of wavelengths. The method further comprises determining a wavelength calibration error value for the wavelength feature by comparing the spectrum with a segment of a predetermined reference spectrum associated with the flash lamp, wherein the segment of the predetermined reference spectrum includes one or more wavelengths associated with the self-absorption feature; and calibrating the spectrophotometer based on the wavelength calibration error value.

There are provided a glass tube in which a rare gas under predetermined pressure is sealed, a cathode electrode and an anode electrode disposed in a first end portion and a second end portion of the glass tube, respectively, facing each other, and a trigger electrode including a transparent conductive film formed on an outer peripheral surface of the glass tube. The trigger electrode includes an electrode body disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the glass tube, along a tube axis direction of the glass tube, and an enlarged portion that covers at least any one of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, and that has a circumferential width wider than a circumferential width of the electrode body. This provides a flash discharge tube capable of reducing variations in optical distribution characteristics during light emission with a small amount of light, and improving life durability during continuous emission of a large amount of light and at short intervals.

There are provided a glass tube in which a rare gas under predetermined pressure is sealed, a cathode electrode and an anode electrode disposed in a first end portion and a second end portion of the glass tube, respectively, facing each other, and a trigger electrode including a transparent conductive film formed on an outer peripheral surface of the glass tube. The trigger electrode includes an electrode body disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the glass tube, along a tube axis direction of the glass tube, and an enlarged portion that covers at least any one of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, and that has a circumferential width wider than a circumferential width of the electrode body. This provides a flash discharge tube capable of reducing variations in optical distribution characteristics during light emission with a small amount of light, and improving life durability during continuous emission of a large amount of light and at short intervals.

There are provided a glass tube in which a rare gas under predetermined pressure is sealed, a cathode electrode and an anode electrode disposed in a first end portion and a second end portion of the glass tube, respectively, facing each other, and a trigger electrode including a transparent conductive film formed on an outer peripheral surface of the glass tube. The trigger electrode includes an electrode body disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the glass tube, along a tube axis direction of the glass tube, and an enlarged portion that covers at least any one of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, and that has a circumferential width wider than a circumferential width of the electrode body. This provides a flash discharge tube capable of reducing variations in optical distribution characteristics during light emission with a small amount of light, and improving life durability during continuous emission of a large amount of light and at short intervals.

There are provided a glass tube in which a rare gas under predetermined pressure is sealed, a cathode electrode and an anode electrode disposed in a first end portion and a second end portion of the glass tube, respectively, facing each other, and a trigger electrode including a transparent conductive film formed on an outer peripheral surface of the glass tube. The trigger electrode includes an electrode body disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the glass tube, along a tube axis direction of the glass tube, and an enlarged portion that covers at least any one of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, and that has a circumferential width wider than a circumferential width of the electrode body. This provides a flash discharge tube capable of reducing variations in optical distribution characteristics during light emission with a small amount of light, and improving life durability during continuous emission of a large amount of light and at short intervals.