An apparatus, system, and method for performing electron beam modulation includes an input pulser to provide an electromagnetic pulse; a radio frequency (RF) filter to filter the electromagnetic pulse; a nonlinear transmission line to receive the electromagnetic pulse, and generate a backward wave RF oscillation of a predetermined frequency to travel in a direction opposite that of the electromagnetic pulse; and an electron beam generating device including an anode and a cathode, the electron beam generating device to receive a combined electromagnetic pulse from the RF filter and the backward wave RF oscillation from the nonlinear transmission line to cause excitation of a modulated voltage between the anode and cathode, and to cause the electron beam generating device to emit an electron beam that is modulated at the predetermined frequency of the backward wave RF oscillation.

A microwave wave generator device with oscillating virtual cathode, with axial geometry, includes at least one first reflector positioned in a cylindrical waveguide downstream of a thin anode, positioned at the entrance of the cylindrical waveguide, between a cathode and the cylindrical waveguide. The device further includes a tight magnetic ring of width (L.sub.M) along the longitudinal axis (z), positioned externally around the cylindrical waveguide, between the thin anode and the first reflector.

An elongated light source envelope is disclosed. The elongated light source comprises an inner wall and an outer wall formed around a longitudinal axis. The inner wall and the outer wall may be connected at a first axial end by a first side wall and a second axial end by a second side wall. The inner wall, outer wall, the first side wall, and the second side wall define an enclosed space internal to the envelope. The light source envelope further comprises one or more walls formed between the inner wall and the outer wall to further form at least a first enclosed region and a second enclosed region within the enclosed space. The first enclosed region may be configured to emit a different spectrum of ultraviolet radiation from the second enclosed region in response to excitation of the first enclosed region and the second enclosed region by microwave radiation.

The invention relates to an illuminant having a gas volume and a coaxial HF energy coupling device for the excitation thereof using surface waves. It is provided in this case that the coaxial HF energy coupling device (3) has a central conductor (4) guided in the gas volume (2).

A metamaterial high-power microwave source relates to the fields of vacuum electronic technology, particle physics, and accelerators, including: a cathode, a metamaterial slow-wave structure (SWS), a waveguide and coaxial line coupler located at one end of the metamaterial SWS and a collector component located at the other end of the metamaterial SWS. The metamaterial SWS provided by the present invention is greatly smaller than a rectangular waveguide having the same frequency, so as to realize a miniaturization of devices and facilitate integration with semiconductor devices. The waveguide and coaxial line coupler has a good transmission characteristic and a low reflection in a relatively wide frequency band, which guarantees a high-efficient coupling output of a signal. Moreover, the metamaterial high-power microwave source has a high-power output and a pulsed output power reaching a megawatt level.