A method for operating a photovoltaic module in which the photovoltaic module has at least one perovskite solar cell. The method includes temporarily operating the photovoltaic module at the maximum power point by a control device connected to the photovoltaic module, wherein the drawing of electrical energy is interrupted when the irradiance of electromagnetic radiation impinging on the photovoltaic module falls below a predetermined threshold value. A photovoltaic device includes a photovoltaic module having at least one perovskite solar cell, and a control device connected to the photovoltaic module.

A method for operating a photovoltaic module in which the photovoltaic module has at least one perovskite solar cell. The method includes temporarily operating the photovoltaic module at the maximum power point by a control device connected to the photovoltaic module, wherein the drawing of electrical energy is interrupted when the irradiance of electromagnetic radiation impinging on the photovoltaic module falls below a predetermined threshold value. A photovoltaic device includes a photovoltaic module having at least one perovskite solar cell, and a control device connected to the photovoltaic module.

A flexible laminate of photovoltaic cells is provided, including a layer of photovoltaic cells that are connected to one another; a front layer and a back layer configured to encapsulate the layer of photovoltaic cells; and an outer film of flexible material with anti-soiling properties disposed on the front layer, the outer film having an average roughness that is less than 1 μm. There is also provided a method for decreasing or limiting soiling on a surface of a flexible laminate of photovoltaic cells, the method including applying an outer film of flexible material with anti-soiling properties to the front layer, the outer film having an average roughness that is less than 1 μm.

A flexible laminate of photovoltaic cells is provided, including a layer of photovoltaic cells that are connected to one another; a front layer and a back layer configured to encapsulate the layer of photovoltaic cells; and an outer film of flexible material with anti-soiling properties disposed on the front layer, the outer film having an average roughness that is less than 1 μm. There is also provided a method for decreasing or limiting soiling on a surface of a flexible laminate of photovoltaic cells, the method including applying an outer film of flexible material with anti-soiling properties to the front layer, the outer film having an average roughness that is less than 1 μm.

A photovoltaic device comprising: a substrate; a photovoltaic module comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cells disposed on the substrate; a top electrode and a bottom electrode incorporated into the photovoltaic module, wherein the top electrode and the bottom electrode are at least partially exposed; and a protective encapsulation covering at least an active area of the photovoltaic module, wherein the protective encapsulation comprises a) at least one vacuum-processed material having an evaporation temperature less than or equal to 1200° C. or b) at least one solution-processed metal oxide chosen from molybdenum oxide, tungsten trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxides, and titanium dioxide.

A solar cell of an embodiment includes: a p-electrode in which a first p-electrode and a second p-electrode are laminated; a p-type light-absorbing layer in direct contact with the first p-electrode; an n-type layer in direct contact with the p-type light-absorbing layer; and an n-electrode. The first p-electrode is disposed between the p-type light-absorbing layer and the second p-electrode. The p-type light-absorbing layer is disposed between the n-type layer and the first p-electrode. The n-type layer is disposed between the p-type light-absorbing layer and the n-electrode. The first p-electrode includes a metal oxide containing Sn as a main component.

A solar panel shade system includes a shade tube, a solar panel shade coupled to the shade tube comprising a solar panel film material, a motor coupled to the shade tube to cause the shade tube to rotate to retract or deploy the solar panel shade, and a processing circuit. The processing circuit includes a processor configured to control operation of the motor and a memory storing instructions for the operation of the motor.

A solar panel shade system includes a shade tube, a solar panel shade coupled to the shade tube comprising a solar panel film material, a motor coupled to the shade tube to cause the shade tube to rotate to retract or deploy the solar panel shade, and a processing circuit. The processing circuit includes a processor configured to control operation of the motor and a memory storing instructions for the operation of the motor.

A solar cell of an embodiment includes: a substrate; an n-electrode; an n-type layer; a p-type light absorption layer which is a semiconductor of a Cu-based oxide; and a p-electrode. The n-electrode is disposed between the substrate and the n-type layer. The n-type layer is disposed between the n-electrode and the p-type light absorption layer. The p-type light absorption layer is disposed between the n-type layer and the p-electrode. The n-type layer is disposed closer to a light incident side than the p-type light absorption layer. The substrate is a single substrate included in the solar cell.

A solar cell panel is disclosed. The disclosed solar cell panel includes a semiconductor substrate, a conductive region disposed in or on the semiconductor substrate, an electrode connected to the conductive region, a lead electrically connected to the electrode. The electrode includes finger lines, and a bus bar line extending across the finger lines, and electrically connected to the lead. First and second end edge areas are arranged at opposite ends of the bus bar line disposed adjacent to opposite edges of the semiconductor substrate, respectively. The bus bar line includes electrode portions respectively disposed at the first end second end edge areas. Each electrode portion includes an opening formed through the each electrode portion, and an outermost end disposed at a position flush with corresponding ones of the outermost ones of the finger lines or a position outwards of the corresponding outermost finger lines.