A method for making a semiconductor memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells for storing one or more data values, the method comprising: exposing a pattern on a wafer for creating structures for a plurality of memory cells for the semiconductor memory device, wherein the pattern is exposed by means of one or more charged particle beams; and varying an exposure dose of the one or more charged particle beams during exposure of the pattern to generate a set of one or more non-common features in one or more structures of at least one of the memory cells, so that the structures of the at least one memory cell differ from the corresponding structures of other memory cells of the semiconductor memory device.

To obtain a high thermoelectromotive voltage with a simple structure in a thermoelectric conversion element with a magnetization direction, a temperature gradient direction, and an electromotive force direction mutually orthogonal. A thermoelectric conversion element 1 includes a tape-like member 10 including an insulating film and a thermoelectric material layer formed on the surface of the insulating film and having a magnetization direction, a temperature gradient direction, and an electromotive force direction which are mutually orthogonal and a pair of terminal electrodes E1 and E2 connected to the thermoelectric material layer at positions different in the longitudinal direction thereof. The tape-like member 10 is wound with the longitudinal direction thereof directed to the circumferential direction, and the thermoelectric material layer is radially magnetized. Thus, the radially magnetized tape-like thermoelectric material layer is circumferentially wound, so that a thermoelectromotive voltage can be generated in accordance with a temperature gradient in the axial direction. In addition, the electromotive force occurs circumferentially, making the structure of the tape-like member simple.

A process for liquefying a process gas that includes introducing a heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises a single stage comprising dual multilayer regenerators located axially opposite to each other.

A thermoelectric conversion element that has a power generation layer containing an iron-aluminum based magnetic alloy material containing equal to or more than 70 weight percent of iron and aluminum in total. The power generation layer generates an electromotive force, due to an anomalous Nernst effect that develops in the magnetic alloy material in response to a temperature gradient applied thereto, in a direction intersecting both the magnetization direction of the magnetic alloy material and the direction of the applied temperature gradient.

Integrated arrangements of electrical machines and power electronics converters are described. One such arrangement comprises: an electrical machine comprising one or more windings; a power electronics converter arranged to supply current to or receive current from the one or more windings of the electrical machine; a magnetocaloric effect (MCE) material in thermal contact with the power electronics converter; and a heat sink for removing heat from the MCE material. The MCE material is arranged in proximity to the one or more windings of the electrical machine whereby, in use, stray magnetic flux from the windings of the electrical machine passes through the MCE material and activates the MCE material. The repeated application and removal of the stray flux during normal operation of the electrical machine creates cycles of magnetic refrigeration, which removes heat from the power electronics converter.

A process for liquefying a process gas that includes introducing a heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises a single stage comprising dual multilayer regenerators located axially opposite to each other.

Provided are an exterior body and an abnormality detector capable of suppressing bulking even when a heat generation detection function is provided. The exterior body of an electronic device generates heat during operation and is characterized by being provided with a magnetic body that is at least a portion of the exterior body, that has spontaneous magnetization, and that generates an electromotive force by exhibiting an abnormal Nernst effect through heat generation of the electronic device, wherein an electrode for extracting power is provided to the magnetic body.

The purpose of the present invention is to make it possible to ensure a strength that allows thermoelectric evaluation to be performed even when sintering is carried out at a temperature lower than the minimum sintering temperature of a power generation layer, in a thermoelectric conversion element. For this purpose, this thermoelectric conversion element is characterized by being provided with a power generation layer and support layers including a sintered body, wherein the power generation layer is provided with a metal-magnetic insulator composite structure in which metal is formed in a net shape around a granulated magnetic body, the support layers are formed so as to be in contact with the top and bottom or the right and left of the power generation layer, and the minimum sintering temperature of the support layers is lower than the minimum sintering temperature of the power generation layer.

A thermoelectric conversion element is made of: a first material with a stoichiometric composition of Fe.sub.3X where X is a main-group or a transition element; a second material with an off-stoichiometric composition in which a composition ratio of Fe to X deviates from that of the first material; a third material obtained by substituting part of Fe sites in the first material or part of Fe sites in the second material by a main-group metal or a transition element other than X; a fourth material with a composition of Fe.sub.3M1.sub.1-xM2.sub.x (0<x<1) where M1 and M2 are different main-group elements; or a fifth material obtained by substituting part of Fe sites in the first material by a transition element other than X and substituting part of X sites in the first material by a main-group metal element other than X. The first to the fifth materials exhibit an anomalous Nernst effect.

This invention prevents measurement error from becoming large in thermoelectric conversion coefficient evaluation and enhances evaluation efficiency. This invention is a physical property evaluation device for evaluating the physical properties of a plurality of solid materials formed on a substrate. The physical property evaluation device comprises an electromotive force measurement means that forms closed circuits including the individual solid materials and measures the electromotive forces occurring at the two ends of each of the solid materials, a means for producing heat flow within the individual solid materials, an external magnetic field generation means for generating a uniform magnetic field having a given intensity and direction in the vicinity of the individual solid materials, and an automation means for evaluating the physical properties of the individual solid materials using the electromotive force measurement means, heat flow production means, and external magnetic field generation means.