One embodiment provides an electronic device, including: a battery pack stack comprising at least two battery packs; wherein the battery pack stack comprises at least one cumulative heat reducing component positioned between the at least two battery packs. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A battery pack including a left battery module including a plurality of cells; a left heat transfer frame adjacent to a right side of the left battery module; a cooling member adjacent to the left heat transfer frame; a right heat transfer frame adjacent to a right side of the cooling member; a right battery module including a plurality of cells disposed adjacent to a right side of the right heat transfer frame; a lower plate and an upper cover respective disposed below and above the left battery module, the left heat transfer frame, the cooling member, the right heat transfer frame, and the right battery module; and wherein the upper cover comprises an over-pressing prevention protrusion disposed at a position corresponding to each of the left heat transfer frame, the cooling member, and the right heat transfer frame.

A power supply module for a vehicle comprises a battery system (13) including a first output terminal (Out 1) and a second output terminal (Out 2), wherein the battery system (13) is connected with a AC/DC converter (12) of the vehicle, the AC/DC converter (12) includes a DC terminal (DC) and an AC terminal (AC), the DC terminal (DC) is connected with the first output terminal (Out 1) of the battery system (13) and the AC terminal (AC) is connected to a motor generator (11) of the vehicle cooperating with the power supply module (10), so as to form a first output (i.sub.1), wherein the second output terminal (Out 2) is connected to a power supply distribution center (17) of the vehicle, so as to form a second output (i.sub.2), and wherein the battery system (13) includes a lead-carbon battery. There are also provided a power supply system comprising the power supply module for a vehicle, a vehicle comprising the power supply system for a vehicle, and a method of arranging a power supply module for a vehicle. The lithium ion battery and the battery management system in the prior art are replaced with the lead-carbon battery. As the working environment temperature has little influence on the lead-carbon battery, the freedom for the arrangement position of the lead-carbon battery is increased. It is no longer necessary to arrange the lead-carbon battery away from the engine, or additionally take heat preservation factors into account. The lead-carbon battery may be arranged under the engine hood or next to the engine. As a result, the length of the cable required for connection will be greatly shortened, which effectively lowers the manufacturing cost.

A power supply module for a vehicle comprises a battery system (13) including a first output terminal (Out 1) and a second output terminal (Out 2), wherein the battery system (13) is connected with a AC/DC converter (12) of the vehicle, the AC/DC converter (12) includes a DC terminal (DC) and an AC terminal (AC), the DC terminal (DC) is connected with the first output terminal (Out 1) of the battery system (13) and the AC terminal (AC) is connected to a motor generator (11) of the vehicle cooperating with the power supply module (10), so as to form a first output (i.sub.1), wherein the second output terminal (Out 2) is connected to a power supply distribution center (17) of the vehicle, so as to form a second output (i.sub.2), and wherein the battery system (13) includes a lead-carbon battery. There are also provided a power supply system comprising the power supply module for a vehicle, a vehicle comprising the power supply system for a vehicle, and a method of arranging a power supply module for a vehicle. The lithium ion battery and the battery management system in the prior art are replaced with the lead-carbon battery. As the working environment temperature has little influence on the lead-carbon battery, the freedom for the arrangement position of the lead-carbon battery is increased. It is no longer necessary to arrange the lead-carbon battery away from the engine, or additionally take heat preservation factors into account. The lead-carbon battery may be arranged under the engine hood or next to the engine. As a result, the length of the cable required for connection will be greatly shortened, which effectively lowers the manufacturing cost.

A battery, including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm.

A battery, including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm.

A battery module includes: a housing accommodating a plurality of battery cells, the housing including a bottom plate and a side plate. A connection board is located on one end or both ends of the housing. The connection board is coupled to the side plate, a plurality of air channels are formed in the side plate, and the connection board includes a plurality of protrusions located between adjacent air channels of the plurality of air channels.

A power supply module for a vehicle comprises a battery system (13) including a first output terminal (Out 1) and a second output terminal (Out 2), wherein the battery system (13) is connected with a AC/DC converter (12) of the vehicle, the AC/DC converter (12) includes a DC terminal (DC) and an AC terminal (AC), the DC terminal (DC) is connected with the first output terminal (Out 1) of the battery system (13) and the AC terminal (AC) is connected to a motor generator (11) of the vehicle cooperating with the power supply module (10), so as to form a first output (i.sub.1), wherein the second output terminal (Out 2) is connected to a power supply distribution center (17) of the vehicle, so as to form a second output (i.sub.2), and wherein the battery system (13) includes a lead-carbon battery. There are also provided a power supply system comprising the power supply module for a vehicle, a vehicle comprising the power supply system for a vehicle, and a method of arranging a power supply module for a vehicle. The lithium ion battery and the battery management system in the prior art are replaced with the lead-carbon battery. As the working environment temperature has little influence on the lead-carbon battery, the freedom for the arrangement position of the lead-carbon battery is increased. It is no longer necessary to arrange the lead-carbon battery away from the engine, or additionally take heat preservation factors into account. The lead-carbon battery may be arranged under the engine hood or next to the engine. As a result, the length of the cable required for connection will be greatly shortened, which effectively lowers the manufacturing cost.

A power supply module for a vehicle comprises a battery system (13) including a first output terminal (Out 1) and a second output terminal (Out 2), wherein the battery system (13) is connected with a AC/DC converter (12) of the vehicle, the AC/DC converter (12) includes a DC terminal (DC) and an AC terminal (AC), the DC terminal (DC) is connected with the first output terminal (Out 1) of the battery system (13) and the AC terminal (AC) is connected to a motor generator (11) of the vehicle cooperating with the power supply module (10), so as to form a first output (i.sub.1), wherein the second output terminal (Out 2) is connected to a power supply distribution center (17) of the vehicle, so as to form a second output (i.sub.2), and wherein the battery system (13) includes a lead-carbon battery. There are also provided a power supply system comprising the power supply module for a vehicle, a vehicle comprising the power supply system for a vehicle, and a method of arranging a power supply module for a vehicle. The lithium ion battery and the battery management system in the prior art are replaced with the lead-carbon battery. As the working environment temperature has little influence on the lead-carbon battery, the freedom for the arrangement position of the lead-carbon battery is increased. It is no longer necessary to arrange the lead-carbon battery away from the engine, or additionally take heat preservation factors into account. The lead-carbon battery may be arranged under the engine hood or next to the engine. As a result, the length of the cable required for connection will be greatly shortened, which effectively lowers the manufacturing cost.

In an aspect, a lead acid battery comprises a sealed casing comprising sulfuric acid; an anode and a cathode that are both at least partially immersed in the sulfuric acid; wherein the anode comprises a current collector, an active layer, and a protective layer located in between the current collector and the active layer; wherein the protective layer comprises an electrically conductive carbon, a crosslinked, acid functionalized polymer, and an aliphatic acid or derivative thereof, wherein the aliphatic acid comprises a C.sub.6-30 aliphatic carboxylic acid.