The disclosure relates to a rechargeable battery pack for a hand-held power tool, having an interface for establishing an electrical connection of the rechargeable battery pack to a hand-held power tool and/or a charging device. The interface has contact elements for electrically contacting corresponding mating contact elements on the hand-held power tool and/or on the charging device. One contact element is a signal contact element which is electrically connected to an encoder element of the rechargeable battery pack. A rechargeable battery pack electronics is configured to provide information relating to the rechargeable battery pack via the signal contact element, said information relating to the rechargeable battery pack being stored, at least in part, in the at least one encoder element, wherein in the rechargeable battery pack electronics, the encoder element is connected, in an electric parallel circuit, in parallel with a dynamic current path.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of vehicles, and provides a vehicle and an energy conversion device and a control method therefor. The energy conversion device includes a motor controller, a bus capacitor, a first switch module, a motor, and a second switch module. By controlling the first switch module and the second switch module to be turned on/off, a motor driving circuit can be formed by a battery pack, the first switch module, the bus capacitor, the motor controller, and the motor, and a charging and discharging circuit can be formed by the battery pack, the second switch module, the motor, the motor controller, and the bus capacitor.

An aerosol generation device includes a power system having at least one supercapacitor and at least one battery. The power system is operable in a plurality of selectable operating modes. The aerosol generation device further includes a controller. The controller is configured to control a power flow of the at least one supercapacitor and a power flow of the at least one battery based on the selected operating mode. The plurality of operating modes includes a float mode in which a heater associated with the aerosol generation device is maintained substantially at an aerosol generation temperature. In the float mode the controller is configured to control a power flow of the power system to maintain the heater substantially at the aerosol generation temperature, and control the at least one battery to charge the at least one supercapacitor.

In a method for operating an electric vehicle and an electric vehicle, including an electric traction drive device for driving vehicle, a control device for controlling the driving, a first energy storage device, for supplying the control device using a first DC voltage, a second energy storage device, for supplying the traction drive device using a second DC voltage, and an energy supply unit for providing an output DC voltage, the first energy storage device is connected to the second energy storage device via a converter device, the first energy storage device is connected to the energy supply unit, the converter device converts the first DC voltage into the second DC voltage, and a power flow from the second energy storage device to the first energy storage device is prevented.

A vehicle-mounted device for detecting battery state comprises a controller, a load unit, and a switch unit. The load unit is coupled to the battery, the switch unit is coupled between the battery and the load unit. The controller can control the switch unit to disconnect or connect the battery and the load unit at a predefined frequency. The controller can switch the load unit to generate ripple voltage on the battery, and measure the ripple voltage of each battery cell, an abnormal state of a battery can be determined according to the ripple voltage of each battery cell.

A power supply unit for an aerosol inhaler includes: a power supply able to discharge power to a load for generating an aerosol from an aerosol source; a connector able to be electrically connected to an external power supply; a control device configured to control at least one of charging and discharging of the power supply or configured to be able to convert power which is input from the connector into charging power for the power supply; and a zener diode provided between the connector and the control device so as to be connected in parallel with the control device. A maximum value of zener voltage of the zener diode is lower than a maximum operation guarantee voltage of the control device.

Systems and methods are provided for supercapacitor testing of supercapacitor-to-electrochemical hybrid systems in electric vehicles. Such systems may include an electrochemical battery, supercapacitor adder module, and connections supercapacitor testing module units. The supercapacitor adder module may measure the supercapacitor batteries and determine how to maximize the electrochemical battery use in electric vehicles.

A system for powering an electric vehicle includes a first switch disposed on a first electrical path between at least one electrochemical battery and the electric vehicle, a second switch disposed on a second electrical path between at least one supercapacitor top-off battery and the electric vehicle, and a controller communicatively coupled to the first switch and the second switch, wherein the controller, responsive to a first switching condition, disconnects the at least one electrochemical battery from the electric vehicle via the first switch and connects the at least one supercapacitor top-off battery to the electric vehicle via the second switch to power the electric vehicle, wherein the at least one electrochemical battery is coupled to an generator of the electric vehicle via a third electrical path, such that the at least one electrochemical battery is recharged by the generator while the electric vehicle is powered by the at least one supercapacitor top-off battery.

A pre-lithiation module for a lithium containing secondary battery includes a switched capacitor circuit, a pre-lithiation module controller connected to the switched capacitor circuit, a battery connector for electrical connection to an electrode busbar and a counter-electrode busbar of the lithium containing secondary battery, and a pre-lithiation connector for electrical connection to an auxiliary electrode of the lithium containing secondary battery. The pre-lithiation module controller includes a processor and a memory. The memory of the pre-lithiation module controller stores instructions that program the pre-lithiation module controller to operate the switched capacitor circuit to selectively conduct a current through the auxiliary electrode to diffuse lithium to electrode active material layers of the lithium containing secondary battery.

An apparatus for communication and balancing in a battery system includes a battery pack connected to a management network. The management network is configured to communicate with a master controller via a communication bus. The apparatus is configured to operate in a communication mode and a balancing mode.