An example of a battery apparatus (10) is provided including: a housing (12) with a connection arrangement (24); a plurality of interoperable battery cartridges (36) removably fittable to the housing (12) to connect with the connection arrangement (24) to form a stack; at least one battery interface arrangement (17) adapted to be removably fitted to the housing (12) to connect with the connection arrangement (24) so as to be in communication with a selection of the plurality of interoperable battery cartridges (26) via the connection arrangement (24). Examples of battery cartridges (36), a system (5) including one or more battery apparatuses (10), and associated example methods are also disclosed.

A large-scale proton exchange membrane fuel cell power station process system includes a distributed cell stack module, a modular fuel supply system, a modular oxidant supply system, a modular cooling system, a power transmission and inverter system, and a power station master system. The distributed cell stack module is a power station core power generation device, the modular fuel supply system serves as a fuel supply system for the distributed cell stack module, and the modular oxidant supply system serves as an oxidant supply system for the distributed cell stack module; the modular cooling system performs cooling and heat exchange of the distributed cell stack module, the power transmission and inverter system converts, transmits and allocates a power of the distributed cell stack module, and the power station master system controls and manages each of the systems and the modules. The process system is unattended during peak electricity consumption.

Green hydrogen and solid carbon can be produced by reacting captured methane with a catalyst in a reaction chamber. A liquid base fluid can form a continuous phase within the reaction chamber with a plurality of liquid metal carrier droplets dispersed in the base fluid. The catalyst can be nano-sized particles that can coat the surfaces of the carrier droplets. Agitation can be supplied to the reaction chamber to maintain dispersion of the liquid metal carrier droplets and increase contact of the methane and catalyst particles. The reaction temperature can be less than the temperature required for water electrolysis or steam methane reforming processes. The green hydrogen and solid carbon can be used as a power source for wellsite equipment in the form of fuel cells to generate electricity or power or used to charge batteries.

Disclosed are a system and method for managing a self-contained hydrogen power system for a smart farm. The system may include a self-contained hydrogen generation unit configured to purify intake-water, generate clean hydrogen through water electrolysis, generate energy through a fuel cell by using the generated clean hydrogen, and store the energy, and a farm environment control unit configured to receive, from the self-contained hydrogen generation unit, energy for driving a plurality of sensors and devices for producing aquatic products and control an environment for producing aquatic products.

A four-fluid bipolar plate for a fuel cell includes a nonporous sub-plate comprising a first reactant half-plate joined to a second reactant half-plate. The nonporous sub-plate includes an internal coolant passage network having coolant flow field passages extending across an active area of the fuel cell. The nonporous sub-plate defines fuel supply and fuel return internal manifolds, oxidant supply and oxidant return internal manifolds, water management supply and water management return internal manifolds, and coolant supply and coolant return internal manifolds. The internal coolant passage network may have secondary cooling functions, such as a reactant coolant loop surrounding an internal reactant internal manifold, providing a heat exchange area to cool incoming reactant gas, and cooling the interfacial and porous sub-plate seals.

A flow battery includes an electrochemical cell that has a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, and a separator layer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode. The separator layer is formed of a polymer that has a polymer backbone with cyclic groups that are free of unsaturated nitrogen and one or more polar groups bonded between the cyclic groups.

A fuel cell system comprises a controller configured to determine whether a condition relating to a stop pattern of the fuel cell system satisfies a predetermined condition, and an output unit configured to output a warning when it is determined that the condition relating to the stop pattern satisfies the predetermined condition.

Method and apparatus for generating green electrical power. During a hydrogen gas storage mode, an electrolyzer generates a stream of hydrogen gas from water supplied by a water source and using power from an input power source. A hydrogen tank temporarily stores the stream of hydrogen. During a power generation mode, a fuel cell converts the stream of hydrogen gas from the tank into output electrical power by combining the hydrogen with oxygen. An inverter conditions and supplies the electrical power to a local load. A controller circuit uses a system parameter to adaptively switch between the storage mode and the power generation mode. In some cases, external power is supplied during the generation and storage of the hydrogen gas from an electrical grid or a local renewable source such as a set of solar panels. Respective grid-tied, solar-tied, grid-only, off-grid, and electric vehicle charging configurations are provided.

A power-to-X system having an electrolyzer and an energy converter which are connected together via a hydrogen line. The system additionally has a chemical reactor for catalytically removing oxygen, a first heat exchanger, a water separator, a store, and a humidifier which are connected into the hydrogen line in the stated order one behind the other between the electrolyzer and the energy converter. A second heat exchanger is arranged in the hydrogen line such that a first side of the second heat exchanger is arranged in front of the first heat exchanger and a second side of the second heat exchanger is arranged downstream of the water separator in the hydrogen line.

A thermal energy storage system is provided, comprising an outer shell defining an outer shell volume, an energy transfer module, comprising an input port for providing energy to the energy storage system, an output port for retrieving energy from energy storage system, wherein the outer shell is provided with a fluid distribution network.