There are provided an aqueous electrolyte solution having an extended potential window, in particular, an aqueous electrolyte solution whose potential window is further wider than those exhibited by conventional concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions, and an aqueous electrolyte solution in which the cycle characteristics can be improved. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution capable of achieving a higher energy density is provided, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing easily available and inexpensive materials and having further improved characteristics. One aqueous electrolyte solution of the present embodiment contains a salt of at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium, magnesium, potassium and lithium, and a chaotropic additive. One other non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present embodiment contains a salt of at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium, magnesium, potassium and lithium, and a chaotropic additive.

An alkaline dry battery includes a battery case, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode accommodated in the battery case, a negative electrode disposed in the hollow portion of the positive electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution contained in the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator. The alkaline dry battery further includes a layer principally including a compound containing a polyoxyethylene group between the positive electrode and the inner surface of the battery case.

A zinc ion battery includes a cathode; an anode; a separator; and an electrolyte sandwiched between the cathode and the anode. The electrolyte includes a mixture of zinc perchlorate and sodium perchlorate, and a ratio of the sodium perchlorate to zinc perchlorate is at least 30.

According to one embodiment, a separator is provided. The separator includes a composite membrane. The composite membrane includes a substrate layer, a first composite layer, and a second composite layer. The first composite layer is located on one surface of the substrate layer. The second composite layer is located on the other surface of the substrate layer. The composite membrane has a coefficient of air permeability of 1×10.sup.−14 m.sup.2 or less. The first composite layer has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is in contact with the substrate layer. The second surface is located on an opposite side to the first surface. Denseness of a portion including the first surface is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the first composite layer.

An electrolytic capacitor includes an anode body, a first conductive polymer layer, and a second conductive polymer layer. The anode body includes a dielectric layer. The first conductive polymer layer covers at least a part of the dielectric layer. The second conductive polymer layer covers at least a part of the first conductive polymer layer. The first conductive polymer layer includes a first conductive polymer. The second conductive polymer layer includes a second conductive polymer. At least one of the first conductive polymer layer and the second conductive polymer layer further includes a hydroxy compound. The hydroxy compound has two or more alcoholic hydroxy groups or two or more phenolic hydroxy groups, and has a melting point ranging from 40° C. to 150° C., inclusive.

The present invention provides an aqueous electrolyte for use in rechargeable zinc-halide storage batteries that possesses improved stability and durability and improves zinc-halide battery performance. One aspect of the present invention provides an electrolyte for use in a secondary zinc bromine electrochemical cell comprising from about 30 wt % to about 40 wt % of ZnBr.sub.2 by weight of the electrolyte; from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of KBr; from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of KCl; and one or more quaternary ammonium agents, wherein the electrolyte comprises from about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the one or more quaternary ammonium agents.

The present invention provides an air battery using oxygen in air as a cathode active material, the air battery comprising: a cylindrical anode made of a metal; a cathode constituted by a co-continuous body having a three dimensional network structure formed by an integrated plurality of nanostructures having branches; and a separator that is arranged between the cathode and the anode and absorbs an electrolytic solution, wherein: the cathode is arranged inside the anode via the separator; and the anode has an open hole that reaches the separator and constitutes a housing of the air battery.

An aqueous secondary battery including: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator; and an aqueous electrolytic solution including water and a metal salt represented by Chemical Formula 1 A.sub.xD.sub.y and having molality of about 5 M to about 40 M wherein in Chemical Formula 1, A is at least one metal ion selected from a sodium ion, a potassium ion, a magnesium ion, a calcium ion, a strontium ion, a zinc ion, or a barium ion, D is at least one type of atomic group ion selected from Cl.sup.−, SO.sub.4.sup.2−, NO.sub.3.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, SCN.sup.−, CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.−, C.sub.4F.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.−, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.−, AlO.sub.2.sup.−, AlCl.sub.4.sup.−, AsF.sub.6.sup.−, SbF.sub.6.sup.−, BR.sub.4.sup.−, and PO.sub.2F.sub.2.sup.−, and 0<x≤2, and 0<y≤2.

Disclosed herein are aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries and cathodic materials for preparing the same. The cathodic material of these batteries comprises a redox-active triangular phenanthrenequinone-based macrocycle.

A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having chromium ions in solution, wherein at least a portion of the chromium ions form a chromium complex with at least one of the following: NH.sub.3, NH.sub.4.sup.+, CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2, SCN.sup.−, or CS(NH.sub.2).sub.2; a catholyte having iron ions in solution; a first half-cell including a first electrode in contact with the anolyte; a second half-cell including a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell.