An electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions is provided. The electrochemical cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode includes a first plurality of solid-state electroactive material particles and a first polymeric gel electrolyte, where the first polymeric gel electrolyte includes a first additive. The second electrode includes a second plurality of solid-state electroactive material particles and a second polymeric gel electrolyte that is different from the first polymeric gel electrolyte, where the second polymeric gel electrolyte includes a second additive. The electrolyte layers include a third polymeric gel electrolyte that is different from both the first polymeric gel electrolyte and the second polymeric gel electrolyte.

A solid polymer electrolyte having a reinforcing substrate, a polymer having ethylene oxide portions and hydrocarbon portions with pendent functional groups having high relative permittivity for an electrochemical cell is provided. The solid polymer electrolyte may provide good ionic conductivity at room temperature and good mechanical strength.

The disclosure provides an electrolyte solution that enables a lithium ion secondary battery to have reduced initial resistance, a small increase in resistance at high-temperature cycles, and reduced gas generation at high temperature. The electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery contains lithium difluorophosphate, an oxalic acid ion, and a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group.

Provided herein are methods of forming solid-state ionically conductive composite materials that include particles of an inorganic phase in a matrix of an organic phase. The organic phase includes a cross-linked polyurethane network. The methods involve forming the composite materials from a precursor that is cross-linked in-situ after being mixed with the particles. The cross-linking occurs under applied pressure that causes particle-to-particle contact. Once cross-linked, the applied pressure may be removed with the particles immobilized by the polymer matrix. The polyurethane network is configured for easy processability of uniform films and may be characterized by a hard phase content of at least 20%.

Disclosed are a polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, a membrane-electrode assembly including the same, a fuel cell and a method of manufacturing the polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell. Particularly, the polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell may include ionomer layers including a voltage reversal tolerance-increasing additive including a water electrolysis catalyst and an electrical conductor and provided on a porous reinforced film.

Disclosed is an anodeless-type all-solid-state battery. The all-solid-state battery includes a plurality of recesses formed in an electrolyte layer and to be depressed from a surface of the electrolyte layer contacting an anode collector and thus serve as spaces for lithium to reversibly precipitate.

An alkaline dry battery includes a battery case, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode accommodated in the battery case, a negative electrode disposed in the hollow portion of the positive electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution contained in the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator. The alkaline dry battery further includes a layer principally including a compound containing a polyoxyethylene group between the positive electrode and the inner surface of the battery case.

A solid electrolyte includes a polymer and a lithium salt, a sodium salt or mixtures of these salts. The polymer has at least 50 mol % of recurring units of formula (I). A method is for the preparation of the electrolyte. Energy storage devices can include the electrolyte.

##STR00001##

There is provided an inorganic solid electrolyte-containing inorganic solid electrolyte-containing composition, a dispersion medium, and a polymer binder, where a component constituting the polymer binder contains a soluble polymer having a combination of specific functional groups or partial structures. There are also provided a sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery and an all-solid state secondary battery, in which this inorganic solid electrolyte-containing composition is used, as well as manufacturing methods for a sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, and an all-solid state secondary battery.

Disclosed are a polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cells which has improved handling properties and mechanical strength by employing symmetric-type laminated composite films and a method for manufacturing the same.